Factors of Emigration from Russia: Regional Features
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17059/2018-4-19Keywords:
russian regions, migration, scale and dynamics of emigration from Russia, pull and push factors of emigration, channels of emigration, estimation of the number of emigrants, regional features of emigration from Russian regions, socio-demographic portrait of emigrants, consequences of emigration, migration policy of RussiaAbstract
The research of the factors of emigration from Russia taking into account regional features is a relevant topic for modern Russia. Despite essential emigration decrease of Russians, in comparison with the 1990th, a problem remains critical. Along with general tendencies, in the regions of Russia, a wide range of factors determining the scales and directions of emigration from Russia has emerged. The identification of a role and quantitative assessment of the effect of these factors will promote the creation of more effective mechanisms for the modern migration policy of the Russian Federation. We consider the scale, dynamics and specific features of the emigration of Russians in the post-Soviet period. The paper indicates the shortcomings of statistical accounting of emigrants from the Russian Federation. Several waves of emigration have been singled out, which differ significantly in their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Based on the analysis of the constructed indicators characterizing the emigration activity of Russians, we have revealed the peculiarities of emigration in the regions of Russia. We used the regression analysis to quantify the factors responsible for the emigration activity of the population. As initial information for the analysis, we used the official data of Federal State Statistics Service on the number of the Russian citizens who have gone abroad for 2014 considering a region as well as a number of the socio-economic indexes characterizing the level and quality of life of the population. Russians from the border regions are more likely to travel to a permanent place of residence abroad than residents of other regions of the Russian Federation. In the course of time, there was a significant expansion of the directions and channels of emigration, and the socio-demographic portrait of the emigrant has also changed. Emigration from Russia has become “younger”. To a greater extent, women are involved in emigration mainly through the marriage channel. The emigration activity of Russians is significantly influenced by several factors in the regions of current residence. Among these factors, indicators that characterize tensions in regional labour markets and those that play the role of “pushing out” are particularly noted. At the same time, the restraining factor is the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level. The paper also analyses the socio-demographic and economic consequences of emigration. The results of the study can be used to improve the migration policy of the Russian Federation.References
Vorobyeva, O. D., Rybakovskiy, L. L. & Rybakovskiy, O. L. (2016). Migratsionnaya politika Rossii. Istoriya i sovremennost [Migration Policy of Russia: History and Modernity]. Moscow: Ekon-Inform Publ., 192. (In Russ.)
Iontsev, V. A., Ryazantsev, S. V. & Iontseva, S. V. (2016). Novyye tendentsii i formy emigratsii iz Rossii [Emigration from Russia: New Trends and Forms]. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of Region], 12(2), 499–509. DOI: 10.17059/2016–2–15. (In Russ.)
Ryazantsev, S. V. & Grebenyuk, A. A. (2014). “Nashi” za granitsey. Russkie, rossiyane, russkogovoryashchie, sootechestvenniki. Rasselenie, integratsiya i vozvratnaya migratsiya v Rossiyu [“Our” abroad. Russians, Russian-speakers, compatriots: resettlement, integration and return migration to Russia]. Moscow: ISPI RAN Publ., 238. (In Russ.)
Ryazantsev, S. V. (2016). Emigranty iz Rossii. Russkaya diaspora ili russkogovoryashchie soobshchestva? [Russian Diaspora abroad or Russian speaking communities?]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies], 12, 84–94. (In Russ.)
Schlögel, K. (2011). Russian emigrants in Europe since 1917. The encyclopedia of migration and minorities in Europe from the 17th century to the present. In: K. J. Bade, P. C. Emmer, L. Lucassen, J. Oltmer (Eds). Cambridge University Press, 768; 639–647.
Roshchin, Yu. V. (2008). Migratsiya naseleniya v sudbe Rossii [Migration of the population in the fate of Russia]. Moscow: Avangard Publ., 288. (In Russ.)
Savoskul, M. S. (2016). Emigratsiya iz Rossii v strany dalnego zarubezhya v kontse 20 — nachale 21 veka [Emigration from Russia to the non-CIS countries during the late 20th — the early 21st century]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta [Moscow University Bulletin], 2, 44–54. (Series 5. Geography). (In Russ.)
Glezer, O. & Polyan, P. (Eds). Rossiya i ee regiony v XX veke. Territoriya — rasselenie — migratsii [Russia and its regions in the 20th century: territory — resettlement — migration]. Moscow: OGI Publ., 816. (In Russ.)
Bronzino, L. Yu. (2015). Spetsifika rossiyskoy emigratsii v Evropu. Begstvo kreativnogo klassa? [Specifics of migration from Russia to Europe in the course of crisis: the flight of the creative class]. Politicheskie issledovaniya [Polis. Political Studies], 2, 52–67. DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2015.02.04. (In Russ.)
Manshin, R. V., Lukyanova, A. Yu. & Timoshenko, O. V. (2008). Uchebnaya i trudovaya emigratsiya molodezhi iz Rossii [Educational and labor emigration of youth from Russia]. Demograficheskie perspektivy Rossii [Demographic prospects of Russia]. In: Osipov G. V. & Ryazantsev S. V. (Eds). Moscow: Ekon-Inform Publ., 906; 678–690. (In Russ.)
Ryazantsev, S. V. & Khramova, M. N. (2016). Sovremennoye sostoyanie i perspektivy russkogovoryashchikh obshchin v stranakh Latinskoy Ameriki [Modern situation and prospects of Russian-speaking communities in Latin America]. Nauchnoye obozrenie [Scientific Review], 6, 5–14. (Series 1. Economics and Law). (In Russ.)
Vozmitel, A. A. & Yakovleva, M. N. (2015). Otnoshenie k emigratsii v sovremennoy rossiyskoy provintsii [Attitude to emigration in contemporary Russian province]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies], 11, 57–65. (In Russ.)
Lukyanets, A. S. (2015). Dinamika demograficheskikh protsessov v prigranichnykh subektakh Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka [Dynamics of demographic processes in border regions of Siberia and the Far East]. Nauchnoye obozrenie [Scientific Review], 5, 74–81. (Series 1. Economics and Law). (In Russ.)
Vorobyeva, O. D. & Grebenyuk, A. A. (2017). Sravnitelnyy analiz otechestvennoy i zarubezhnoy statisticheskoy informatsii ob emigratsii grazhdan Rossii [Comparative analysis of domestic and foreign statistics on the emigration of Russian citizens]. Voprosy statistiki [Voprosy statistiki], 9, 16–25. (In Russ.)
Aleshkovskiy, I. A. (2016). Determinanty vnutrenney migratsii naseleniya. Analiz otechestvennykh i zarubezhnykh issledovaniy [Determinants of Internal Migration: Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Studies]. Moscow: MAKS Press, 76. (In Russ.)
Lifshits, M. L. (2010). Migratsionnyy prirost naseleniya Rossii. Faktory, perspektivy, vyvody dlya migratsionnoy politiki [Migration growth in the Russian population: factors, prospects, conclusions for migration policy]. Prikladnaya ekonometrika [Applied Econometrics], 2, 32–52. (In Russ.)
Andrienko, Y. & Guriev, S. (2004). Determinants of interregional mobility in Russia. Evidence from panel data. Economics of Transition, 12(1), 1–27.
Gerber, T. (2006). Regional economic performance and net migration rates in Russia, 1993–2002. International Migration Review, 40(3), 661–697.
Lee, E. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47–57.
Todaro, M. P. (1994). Economic development. 5th ed. New York, London: Longman, 719.
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Koucouci, A., Pelligrino, A. & Taylor, E. J. (1998). World in motion: understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 376.
Braun A. Economic determinants of Internal Migration Flows in Russia During Transition (1997). William Davidson Working Paper, 89, 33.
Carmichael, G. A. (2016). Fundamentals of Demographic Analysis. Concepts, Measures and Methods. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 394.
Kumo, K. (2007). Interregional population migration in Russia: Using an origin to destination matrix. Post-Communist Economies, 19(2), 131–152.
Rossiyskiy statisticheskiy ezhegodnik. 2015: Stat. sb. [Statistical Yearbook of Russia. 2015: Coll. of art.] (2015). Rosstat [Federal State Statistics Service]. Moscow, 728. (In Russ.)
Gudkov, L. D., Dubin, B. V. & Zorkaya, N. A. (2011). Otezd iz Rossii kak sotsialnyy diagnoz i zhiznennaya perspektiva [Leaving Russia as a Social Diagnosis and Life Perspective]. Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya [Russian public opinion herald], 4(110), 46–80. (In Russ.)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Marina Nikolaevna Khramova, Sergey Vasilyevich Ryazantsev
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
