Entepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: the Case of Portugal

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17059/2020-1-12

Keywords:

entrepreneurship, entrepreneur, entrepreneurial intention, education, family background, prior experience, vocational training and risks propensity

Abstract

Entrepreneurship promotes job creation, increase of competitiveness and new forms of economic develop- ment and growth of countries or regions. The research aims to understand how it has influenced the intention and entrepreneurial skills of the trainees of the project Apreender 3.0. It is important to examine how vari- ous factors, including entrepreneurship education, family background, prior experience/vocational training and propensity to take the risks, will condition the entrepreneurial intention of the respondents of this study. Based on these variables, we formulated four hypotheses. For this empirical analysis of research hypotheses, we used primary data in a form of a sample of 150 responses, collected through the online survey applica- tion. We opted for the method of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), also called Common Factor Analysis (CFA), which can provide important information on the multivariate structure of this study, identifying the theoretical constructs. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that the entrepreneurship education and propensity to take risks influence positively the entrepreneurial intention. As for the factors of family back- ground and prior experience/ vocational training, the research did not provide satisfactory results that would allow us to confirm their influence on the entrepreneurial intention.

Author Biographies

Dijinira Ramos, University of Beira Interior

PhD Student in Management, Department of Business and Economics, University of Beira Interior (UBI); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-0539 (Covilhã, Portugal; e-mail: ramosdijinira@gmail.com).

Maria José Madeira, University of Beira Interior; NECE - Research Centre in Business Sciences

PhD in Management, Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Economics, University of Beira Interior (UBI); Research Fellow, NECE — Research Centre in Business Sciences; https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-1722-6148 (Covilhã, Portugal; e-mail: maria.jose.madeira@ubi.pt).

Filipe A. P. Duarte, University of Beira Interior; NECE - Research Centre in Business Sciences; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu

PhD in Management, Assistant Professor, School of Technology and Management in Lamego, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Research Fellow, NECE — Research Centre in Business Sciences; Department of Business and Economics, University of Beira Interior (UBI); https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-8562 (Viseu, Portugal; Covilhã, Portugal; e-mail: filipeapduarte@gmail.com).

References

Mitra, J. (2008). Towards an Analytical Framework for Policy Development. In: /. Potter (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and Fligher Education (pp. 17-44). OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/9789264044098.

Manimala, M. & Mitra, J. (2008). Higher Education's Role in Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. In: /. Potter (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and Fligher Education (pp. 45-64). OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/9789264044104-en (Date of access: 15.10.2019).

Lakéus, M. & Middleton, K. (2015). Venture creation programs: bridging entrepreneurship education and technology transfer. Education + Training, 57(1), 48-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2013-0013.

Amabile, T. & Kramer, S. (2011). The progress principle: Using small wins to ignite joy, engagement, and creativity at work. Harvard Business Press, 270.

Rae, D. (2010). Universities and enterprise education: responding to the challenges of the new era. Journal of Business and Enterprise Development, 17(4), 591-606. DOI: 10.1108/14626001011088741.

Comissào Europeia. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education at School in Europe. National Strategies, Curricula and Learning Outcomes. EACEA: Bruxelas. ISBN-978-9-2920-1252

Klapper, L., Laeven, L. & Rajan, R. (2006). Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Financial Economics, 82(3), 591-629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.09.006 (Date of access: 25.09.2019).

Minniti, M. & Levesque, M. (2008). Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 603-612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.001 (Date of access: 25.09.2019).

Rodrigues, R. G.,Raposo, M. F. & Paço, A. M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education and the propensity for business creation: testing a structural model. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 9(1), 58-73. DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2010.029506 (Date of access: 26.09.2019).

Sanchez, J. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. Internacional Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 7(2), 239-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/sll365-010-0156-x

Amorös, J. & Bosma, N. (2013). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Global Report.

Audretsch, D., Grilo, I. & Thurik, A. (2007). Handbook of research on entrepreneurship policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Entrepreneurship Research Association. Retrieved from: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report (Date of access: 25.09.2019).

Linan, R, Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x.

Pandit, D., Joshi, M. P. & Tiwari, S. R. (2018). Examining Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education: Na Exploratory Study of College Students in India. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(1), 25-46. DOI: 10.1177/0971355717738595.

Francis, D. & Banning, K. (2001). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Journal of Academy of Business Education, 1(2), 5-11.

Schmitt-Rodermund, E. & Vondracek, F. (2002). Occupational dreams, choices and aspirations: Adolescents'entrepreneurial prospects and orientations. Journal of Adolescence, 25(1), 65-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ jado.2001.0449.

Korunka, C., Frank, H., Lueger, M. & Mugler, J. (2003). The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process-A configurational approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 23-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00030.

Singh, G. & Denoble, A. (2003). Views on self-employment and personality: An exploratory study. Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 265-281. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/ adl4f323f- 94be5991e847e6a30d922e9/l?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=32118 (Date of access: 25.09.2019).

Crant, J. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42-49. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/e4fcfd6010ed36a2e0f- 52433cea86735/l?pq-origsite-gscholar&cbl=49244 (Date of access: 25.09.2019).

Kolvereid, L. (2016). Preference for self-employment prediction of business stat-up intentions and efforts. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 17(2), 100-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316648576

Schlaegel, C. & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention: A meta analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291-332.

Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In: Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. (Date of access: 26.09.2019).

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.

Feder, E.-S. & Nifu-Antonie, R.-D. (2017). Connecting gender identity, entrepreneurial training, role models and intentions. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 87-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-08-2016-0028.

Brandstatter, H. (2011). Pesrsonality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 222-230. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.007.

Ip, C. Y., Wu, S.-C.,Liu, H.-C. & Liang, C. (2018). Social Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students from Hong Kong. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(1), 47-64.

Kusmintarti, A., Thoyib, A., Maskie, G. & Ashar, K. (2016). Entrepreneurial characteristics as a mediation of entrepreneurial education influence on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 19(1), 24-37. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/e6001b0226d433cbeac90d8bfa3ebl37/1 ?pqrigsite=gscholar&cbl=28224 (Date of access: 26.09.2019).

Brito, B. A. (2018). Intençâo Empreendedora: Um estudo com Empreendedores e Potenciais Empreendedores do Estado do ACRE [Entrepreneurial Intent: A study with entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs of the state of ACRE], Dissertaçâo apresentada à Universidade Metodista de Säo Paulo para obtençâo de grau de Mestre. Säo Bernardo do Campo. Retrieved from: http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/1751 (Date of access: 26.09.2019). (In Port).

Muller, J., Zapkau, F. & Schwens, C. (Setember de 2014). Impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention - Cross cultural evidence. Journal of Enterprising Cidture, 22(3), 251-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500113.

Dutta, D., Li, J. & Merenda, M. (2011). Fostering entrepreneurship: impact of specialization and diversity in education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7, 163-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/sll365-010-0151-2.

Vanevenhoven, J. (2013). Advances and Challenges in Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 446-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.llll/jsbm.12043.

Urban, B. & Muzamhindo, A. (2018). An Empirical Investigation into Institutions Unlocking Entrepreneurial Activity. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(1), 65-82. DOI: 10.1177/0971355717738597.

Matthews, C. & Moser, S. B. (1996). A longitudinal Investigation of the impact of family background and gender on interest in small firm ownership. Journal of Small Business Management. 34(2), 29-43. Retrieved from: https://search.pro-quest.com/openview/37d48125c67bbb830c54c75152018e59/l?pq-rigsite=gscholar&cbl=49244 (Date of access: 26.09.2019).

Aldrich, H. E. & Cliff, J. E. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Towards a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 573-596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00011-9.

Carr, J. C. & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intention: a theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090-1080. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016.

Krueger, N., Reilly, M. & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.

Peng, Z., Lu, G. & Kang, H. (2012). Entrepreneurial Intentions and Its Influencing Factors: A Survey of the University Students in Xi'an China. Creative Education, 3, 95-100. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2012.38b021.

Santos, R. F. (2016). Déterminantes da Intençâo Empreendedora no Ensino Superior Português da Regiäo Centro [Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention in Portuguese Higher Education in the Central Region], Dissertaçâo em Empreendedorismo e Criaçâo de Empresas, Faculdade de CSH da Universidade da Beira Anterior. Covilhä. Retrieved from: https://ubibliorum.ubi.pt/handle/10400.6/5832 (Date of access: 29.09.2019). (In Port.)

Laspita, S., Breugst, N., Heblich, S. & Patzelt, H. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(4), 414-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.ll.006.

Vieira, D. & Rodrigues, C. (2014). Os estudantes de engenharia e as suas intençôes empreendedoras [Engineering students and their entrepreneurial intentions]. Revista Produçâo Online, 14(1), 242-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14488/1676-1901.vl4.il.1588. (In Port.)

Global Entrepreneuship Monitor. (2012). GEM Portugal - Estudo sobre о Empreendedorismo. Institute Universitdrio de Lisboa e Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovaçâo. Retrieved from: https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt > bitstream > GEM Portugal 2013_Final (Date of access: 27.09.2019).

Jorge, F. M. (2016). Antecedentes da Intençâo Empreendedora: Aplicaçâo a estudantes de uma instituiçâo de ensino superior de Portugal [Background of the Entrepreneurial Intention: Application to students of a higher education institution in Portugal], Dissertaçâo de Mestrado em ciências economicas e empresarias, apresentdo à Universidade de Tràs-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Portugal. (In Port).

Zahra, S. A. (2011). Entrepreneurial capability: Opportunity pursuit and game changing. In: Innovation, strategy, and structure - Organizations, institutions, systems and regions at Copenhagen. Business School, Denmark, June 15-17. Retrieved from: https://conference.druid.dk/acc_papers/lycvus6lgjb22ugojcot9ji3yrte.pdf. (Date of access: 27.09.2019).

Olugbola, S. A. (2017). Exploring entrepreneurialreadiness ofyouth and startup success components: Entrepreneurship training. Malaysia Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 2(3), 155-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.12.004.

Fayolle, A. & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065.

Delmar, F. & Davidsson, R (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1 ), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/089856200283063.

Bosma,N., Praag, M. & Wit, G. (2000). Determinants of Successfid Entrepreneurship. Research Institute for Small and Medium. Retrieved from: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/lfhmiklrr/0002_2fe.htm (Date of access: 29.09.2019).

Ali, S., Lu, W. & Wang, W. (2012). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions among the College Students in: China and Pakistan. Journal Of Education and Pracice, 3(11), 13-21.

Ellen, A. D. (2010). Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students in Finland: Implications for Education. Advances in Management, 3(7), 28-35. Retrieved from: https://econpapers.repec.org/article/mgnjournl/v_3a3_3ay_3a2010_3ai_3a7_ 3aa_3a4.htm (Date of access: 29.09.2019).

Mota, M., Sobreira, M. do C., Vale, M., & Nogueira, L. (2017). Relaçôes de influência de indicadores macroeconômicos na propensâo ao risco de empreender [Relationships of influence of macroeconomic indicators on the entrepreneurship risk propensity]. Revista de Gestäo, 24(2), 159-169. (Date of access: 27.09.2019). (In Port).

Kannadhasan, M., Aramvalarthan, S., & Pavan Kumar, B. (2014). Relationship among cognitive biases, risk perceptions and individual's decision to start a venture. Decision, 41(1), 87-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40622-014-0029-l.

Bandera, C., Collins, R. & Passerini, K. (2018). Risky business: Experiential learning, information and communications technology, and risk-taking attitudes in entrepreneurship education. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(2), 224-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/jijme.2018.02.006.

Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: how entrepreneurs "connect the dots" to identify new business opportunities. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 104-119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ amp.2006.19873412.

Minello, I. E., Scherer, L. A. & Alves, L. C. (2014). Entrepreneurial competencies and business failure. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18, 1-15.

Block, J., Sander, P & Spiegel, F. (2015). How do risk attitudes differ with inthe group of entrepreneurs? The role of motivation and procedural utility. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1) 183-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.llll/ jsbm.12060.

Laros, J. A. (2012). О uso da andlise fatorial: Algumas diretrizes para pesquisadores [The Use of Factor Analysis: Some Guidelines for Researchers], Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233735561 (Date of access: 29.09.2019). (In Port.)

Marôco, J. (2018). Andlise Estatlstica com SPSS Statistics (7a ed.) [Statistical Analysis with SPSS Statistics. 7th ed.[. Grâfica Manuel Barbosa e Filhos, 1013. (In Port.)

Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River. Prentice Hall.

Luthje, C. & Franke, N. (2003). The "making" of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R and D Management, 33(2), 135-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.llll/1467-9310.00288.

Honig, В. 2. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: Toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3), 258-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2004.14242112.

Kyro, P C. (2005). Entrepreneurial learning in universities: Bridges across borders. In: P. Kyrö, C. Carrier (Eds.), The dynamics of learning entrepreneurship in a cross-cultural university context (pp. 14-43). University of Tampere.

Kuratko, D. F. (2005). Entrepreneurship education: Emerging trends and challenges for the 21st century. White Paper. US Association of Small Business Education, 39. Retrieved from: http://www.unm.edu/~asalazar/Kauffman/Entrep_re-search/e_ed.pdf (Date of access: 29.09.2019).

Naia, A. (2009). Importdncia da formaçdo inicial no empreendedorismo: estudo do percurso empreendedor de licenciados da FMH [Importance of initial training in entrepreneurship: study of the entrepreneurial path of graduates of FMH], Dissertaçâo de Mestrado em Ciências da Educaçâo, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educaçâo da Universidade de Lisboa. Retrieved from: https://repositorio.ul.Pt/bitstream/10451/848/l/20062_ulfpdep.17823_tm_tese.pdf (Date of access: 27.09.2019). (In Port.)

Grabble, J. E. & Lytton, R. H. (1998). Investor risk tolerance: testing the efficacy of demographics as differentiating and classifying factors. Financial Couseling and Planning, 61-73. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30762. (Date of access: 27.09.2019).

Miller, D., Kets de Vries, M. F. R., & Toulouse, J.-M.(1982). Top executive locus ofcontrol and its relationship to strategic-making, structure, and environment. Academy of Management Journal, 25(2), 237-253. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5465/255988.

Wang, Y. & Poutziouris, P (2010). Entrepreneurial risk taking: empirical evidence from UK family firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(5), 370-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551011071841.

Wenhong, F. &Liuying, Z. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurial thinking system on risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 165-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17561391011051144

Downloads

Published

30.03.2020

How to Cite

Ramos, D., Madeira, M. J., & Duarte, F. A. P. (2020). Entepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: the Case of Portugal. Economy of Regions, 16(1), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.17059/2020-1-12

Issue

Section

Articles