<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-3-10</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Industry 4.0 Digital Skills and Performance in Manufacturing: The Impact of Heterogeneous Regional Contexts on the Human Capital</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Цифровые навыки Индустрии 4.0 и результативность производства: влияние региональной неоднородности на человеческий капитал</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-6323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernenko</surname><given-names>Ilia M. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черненко</surname><given-names>Илья Михайлович </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>i.m.chernenko@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-636X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemzyulina </surname><given-names>Veronika Yu. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Земзюлина </surname><given-names>Вероника Юрьевна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>veronika.zemziulina@urfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-30" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>747</fpage><lpage>762</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-20"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-20"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2024 Ilia M. Chernenko, Veronika Yu. Zemzyulina</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2024 Илья Михайлович Черненко, Вероника Юрьевна Земзюлина</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ilia M. Chernenko, Veronika Yu. Zemzyulina</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Илья Михайлович Черненко, Вероника Юрьевна Земзюлина</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/814">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/814</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/814/333">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/814/333</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Digitalisation is often perceived as a driver of operational performance in manufacturing, but the mechanisms by which advanced digital skills influence productivity remain poorly understood. Digitalisation processes are heterogeneous in nature and are shaped by regional factors. The study aims to explore how workers’ digital human capital affects the performance of production systems in the metallurgy sector considering differences in regional digitalisation contexts. The research methods are based on multigroup analysis of partial least squares structural equation models (MGA PLS-SEM), in which the dependent variable is the performance of production systems. The research measured accumulated human capital as a stock of relevant digital basic and specific skills using a survey of 2 570 employees conducted in 2022 in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov, and Volgograd oblasts, which differ in their levels of digitalisation, innovation, industrial specialisation, and gross income. The findings indicate that advanced digital skills not only complement basic ones but also significantly enhance production performance, as the standardised path coefficients are ranging between 0.4 and 0.7. Specifically, the industrially advanced Chelyabinsk oblast shows a more significant impact of basic digital competencies on Industry 4.0 skills, though path coefficients are still less than 0.2, suggesting a moderate overall effect of Industry 4.0 skills on performance across all regions. This study contributes to the contextual economics perspective by demonstrating the heterogeneous nature of digital human capital accumulation within a single industry.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цифровизация часто воспринимается как фактор повышения результативности производства, в то время как механизмы, с помощью которых передовые цифровые навыки влияют на производительность, остаются плохо изученными. Процессы цифровизации неоднородны по своей природе и зависят от региональных факторов. Целью данного исследования является изучение влияния цифрового человеческого капитала работников на результативность производственной системы в металлургическом секторе, учитывая различия в региональных контекстах цифровизации. Для этого был применен метод многогруппового анализа частных наименьших квадратов в моделях структурных уравнений (MGA PLS-SEM), в которых зависимой переменной является результативность производственных систем. Накопленный человеческий капитал измеряется на основе данных опроса 2 570 сотрудников, проведенного в конце 2022 г. в Свердловской, Челябинской, Ростовской и Волгоградской областях. Данные включают показатели общих и конкретных цифровых навыков Индустрии 4.0. Исследуемые регионы неоднородны по уровню цифровизации, инноваций, отраслевой специализации и валового дохода. Результаты показали, что продвинутые цифровые навыки дополняют базовые и оказывают существенное положительное влияние на результативность, так как путевые коэффициенты составляют от 0,4 до 0,7. Промышленно развитая Челябинская область отличается более высокой степенью влияния базовых цифровых компетенций на навыки Индустрии 4.0. Тем не менее, путевые коэффициенты остаются ниже 0,2, и в целом влияние навыков Индустрии 4.0 на результативность является умеренным во всех регионах. Исследование вносит вклад в развитие экономики, показывая, что аккумуляция цифрового человеческого капитала в рамках одной отрасли имеет неоднородный характер.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human capital, digitalisation, Industry 4.0, digital skills, metallurgical industry, regional heterogeneity, multigroup analysis, PLS-SEM</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>человеческий капитал, цифровизация, Индустрия 4.0, цифровые навыки, металлургическая промышленность, региональная неоднородность, многогрупповой анализ, PLS-SEM</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation, the grant No. 23-78-10165, https://rscf.ru/project/23-78-10165/.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-78-10165, https://rscf.ru/project/23-78-10165/</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu, D., &amp; Restrepo, P. (2022). Demographics and Automation. Review of Economic Studies, 89 (1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akberdina, V. (2023). System resilience of industry to the sanctions pressure in industrial regions: Assessment and outlook. Journal of New Economy, 23 (4), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.29141/2658–5081–2022–23–4-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akberdina, V., Kalinina, A., &amp; Vlasov, A. (2018). Transformation stages of the Russian industrial complex in the context of economy digitization. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16 (4), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.l6(4).2018.17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akberdina, V., Naumov, I., &amp; Krasnykh, S. (2023a). Regional Digital Space and Digitalisation of Industry: Spatial Econometric Analysis. In: Digital Transformation in Industry . DTI 2022. Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, vol. 61 (pp. 7–19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3-031–30351–7_2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akberdina, V., Naumov, I. V., &amp; Krasnykh, S. S. (2023b). Digital Space of Regions: Assessment of Development Factors and Influence on Socio-Economic Growth. Journal of Applied Economic Research, 22 (2), 294–322. https://doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2023.22.2.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alcácer, V., &amp; Cruz-Machado, V. (2019). Scanning the Industry 4.0: A Literature Review on Technologies for Manufacturing Systems. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22 (3), 899–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amiron, E., Latib, A. A., &amp; Subari, K. (2019). Industry revolution 4.0 skills and enablers in technical and vocational education and training curriculum. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8 (1C2), 484–490.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva, E. L., Krasnykh, S. S., &amp; Ratner, A. V. (2021). Constructing the integral index of export specialization of neo-industrial production in region. Revista Română de Statistică – Supliment, 1, 27–33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capello, R., &amp; Lenzi, C. (2023). 4.0 Technological transformations: heterogeneous effects on regional growth. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 33 (5), 627–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2023.2204523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheah, J.-H., Amaro, S., &amp; Roldán, J. L. (2023). Multigroup analysis of more than two groups in PLS-SEM: A review, illustration, and recommendations. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernenko, I. M., Kelchevskaya, N. R., Pelymskaya, I. S., &amp; Almusaedi, H. K. A. (2021). Opportunities and Threats of Digitalisation for Human Capital Development at the Individual and Regional Levels. Economy of Region, 17 (4), 1239–1255. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021–4-14 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyba, W., &amp; De Marchi, V. (2022). On the road to Industry 4.0 in manufacturing clusters: the role of business support organisations. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 32 (5), 760–776. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-09–2021–0126</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyba, W., Di Maria, E., &amp; Chiarvesio, M. (2022). Actions fostering adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing companies in European regions. Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research, 53 (1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fatimah, Y. A., Govindan, K., Murniningsih, R., &amp; Setiawan, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122263</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frey, C. B., &amp; Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114 (1), 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghobakhloo, M. (2018). The future of manufacturing industry: a strategic roadmap toward Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29 (6), 910–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02–2018–0057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghobakhloo, M., Iranmanesh, M., Grybauskas, A., Vilkas, M., &amp; Petraitė, M. (2021). Industry 4.0, innovation, and sustainable development: A systematic review and a roadmap to sustainable innovation. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30 (8), 4237–4257. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2867</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grybauskas, A., Stefanini, A., &amp; Ghobakhloo, M. (2022). Social sustainability in the age of digitalization: A systematic literature Review on the social implications of industry 4.0. Technology in Society, 70, 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101997</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hair, J. F., &amp; Hult, G. T. M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Third Edition. Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hervas-Oliver, J. L., Gonzalez-Alcaide, G., Rojas-Alvarado, R., &amp; Monto-Mompo, S. (2021). Emerging regional innovation policies for industry 4.0: analyzing the digital innovation hub program in European regions. Competitiveness Review, 31 (1), 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-12–2019–0159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klesel, M., Schuberth, F., Henseler, J., &amp; Niehaves, B. (2019). A test for multigroup comparison using partial least squares path modeling. Internet Research, 29 (3), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-11–2017–0418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koropets, O. A., &amp; Tukhtarova, E. K. (2021). The Impact of Advanced Industry 4.0 Technologies on Unemployment in Russian Regions. Economy of Region, 17 (1), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021–1-14 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotlyarova, S. N., &amp; Shamova, E. A. (2023). Development Trends and Dynamics of Industrial Specialization in Russian Regions. R-Economy, 9 (4), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.15826/recon.2023.9.4.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, L. (2022). Reskilling and Upskilling the Future-ready Workforce for Industry 4.0 and Beyond. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796–022–10308-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin, D., Lee, C. K. M., Lau, H., &amp; Yang, Y. (2018). Strategic response to Industry 4.0: an empirical investigation on the Chinese automotive industry. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems, 118 (3), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09–2017–0403</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik, N., Tripathi, S. N., Kar, A. K., &amp; Gupta, S. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence on employees working in industry 4.0 led organizations. International Journal of Manpower, 43 (2), 334–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03–2021–0173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miao, Z. (2022). Industry 4.0: technology spillover impact on digital manufacturing industry. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 35 (4–5), 1251–1266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-02–2021–0113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakhmeeva, I. I. (2020). Geographical vs institutional factors of the development of old industrial regions in industry 4.0: the case of Ural macro-region. R-Economy, 6 (4), 280–291. https://doi.org/10.15826/recon.2020.6.4.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rikala, P., Braun, G., Järvinen, M., Stahre, J., &amp; Hämäläinen, R. (2024). Understanding and measuring skill gaps in Industry 4.0 — A review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 201, 123206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodzalan, S. A., Noor, N. N. M., Saat, M. M., Abdullah, N. H., Othman, A., Singh, H., &amp; Emran, N. M. (2022). An Investigation of Present and Future Work Skills in Industry 4.0: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 28 (2), 356–371. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.2.356371</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanova, O. A., &amp; Sirotin, D. V. (2019). Metallurgical Complex of Central Urals in the Conditions of Development under Industry 4.0: The Road Map for Repositioning the Complex. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 30 (2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700719020187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanova, O. A., &amp; Kuzmin, E. A. (2020). Industrial Policy Strategy: A Case of Changing National Priorities in Russia. WSEAS Transactions On Business And Economics, 17, 879–888. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2020.17.86</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanders, A., Elangeswaran, C., &amp; Wulfsberg, J. (2016). Industry 4.0 implies lean manufacturing: Research activities in industry 4.0 function as enablers for lean manufacturing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9 (3), 811–833. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1940</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh, R. K., Agrawal, S., &amp; Modgil, S. (2022). Developing human capital 4.0 in emerging economies: an industry 4.0 perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 43 (2), 286–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03–2021–0159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorger, M., Ralph, B. J., Hartl, K., Woschank, M., &amp; Stockinger, M. (2021). Big data in the metal processing value chain: A systematic digitalization approach under special consideration of standardization and SMEs. Applied Sciences, 11 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tortorella, G. L., Cawley Vergara, A. Mac, Garza-Reyes, J. A., &amp; Sawhney, R. (2020). Organizational learning paths based upon industry 4.0 adoption: An empirical study with Brazilian manufacturers. International Journal of Production Economics, 219, 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.06.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tran, T. L. Q., Herdon, M., Phan, T. D., &amp; Nguyen, T. M. (2023). Digital skill types and economic performance in the EU27 region, 2020–2021. Regional Statistics, 13 (3), 536–558. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS130307</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov, S., Gushchina, E., &amp; Vitalyeva, V. (2019). Asynchrony formation 4.0 Industry in the Russian regions. Euro-American Association of Economic Development, 19 (2), 45–56. https://www.usc.gal/economet/reviews/eers1924.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wanasinghe, T. R., Trinh, T., Nguyen, T., Gosine, R. G., James, L. A., &amp; Warrian, P. J. (2021). Human centric digital transformation and operator 4.0 for the oil and gas industry. IEEE Access, 9, 113270–113291. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103680</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu, F., &amp; Schweisfurth, T. (2020). Industry 4.0 technology implementation in SMEs — A survey in the Danish-German border region. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4 (3), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2020.05.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zonnenshain, A., Fortuna, G., Adres, E., &amp; Kenett, R. S. (2020). Regional development in the era of industry 4.0. Dynamic Relationships Management Journal, 9 (2), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.17708/DRMJ.2020.v09n02a02</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubarevich, N. V. (2022). Regions of Russia in the new economic realities. Journal of the New Economic Association, 55 (3), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.31737/2221–2264–2022–55–3-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu, D., &amp; Restrepo, P. (2022). Demographics and Automation. Review of Economic Studies, 89 (1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akberdina, V. (2023). System resilience of industry to the sanctions pressure in industrial regions: Assessment and outlook. Journal of New Economy, 23 (4), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.29141/2658–5081–2022–23–4-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akberdina, V., Kalinina, A., &amp; Vlasov, A. (2018). Transformation stages of the Russian industrial complex in the context of economy digitization. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16 (4), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.l6(4).2018.17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akberdina, V., Naumov, I., &amp; Krasnykh, S. (2023a). Regional Digital Space and Digitalisation of Industry: Spatial Econometric Analysis. In: Digital Transformation in Industry . DTI 2022. Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation, vol. 61 (pp. 7–19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3-031–30351–7_2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akberdina, V., Naumov, I. V., &amp; Krasnykh, S. S. (2023b). Digital Space of Regions: Assessment of Development Factors and Influence on Socio-Economic Growth. Journal of Applied Economic Research, 22 (2), 294–322. https://doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2023.22.2.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alcácer, V., &amp; Cruz-Machado, V. (2019). Scanning the Industry 4.0: A Literature Review on Technologies for Manufacturing Systems. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 22 (3), 899–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amiron, E., Latib, A. A., &amp; Subari, K. (2019). Industry revolution 4.0 skills and enablers in technical and vocational education and training curriculum. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8 (1C2), 484–490.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreeva, E. L., Krasnykh, S. S., &amp; Ratner, A. V. (2021). Constructing the integral index of export specialization of neo-industrial production in region. Revista Română de Statistică – Supliment, 1, 27–33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capello, R., &amp; Lenzi, C. (2023). 4.0 Technological transformations: heterogeneous effects on regional growth. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 33 (5), 627–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2023.2204523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheah, J.-H., Amaro, S., &amp; Roldán, J. L. (2023). Multigroup analysis of more than two groups in PLS-SEM: A review, illustration, and recommendations. Journal of Business Research, 156, 113539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chernenko, I. M., Kelchevskaya, N. R., Pelymskaya, I. S., &amp; Almusaedi, H. K. A. (2021). Opportunities and Threats of Digitalisation for Human Capital Development at the Individual and Regional Levels. Economy of Region, 17 (4), 1239–1255. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021–4-14 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyba, W., &amp; De Marchi, V. (2022). On the road to Industry 4.0 in manufacturing clusters: the role of business support organisations. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 32 (5), 760–776. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-09–2021–0126</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyba, W., Di Maria, E., &amp; Chiarvesio, M. (2022). Actions fostering adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing companies in European regions. Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research, 53 (1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fatimah, Y. A., Govindan, K., Murniningsih, R., &amp; Setiawan, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122263</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frey, C. B., &amp; Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114 (1), 254–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghobakhloo, M. (2018). The future of manufacturing industry: a strategic roadmap toward Industry 4.0. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29 (6), 910–936. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-02–2018–0057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghobakhloo, M., Iranmanesh, M., Grybauskas, A., Vilkas, M., &amp; Petraitė, M. (2021). Industry 4.0, innovation, and sustainable development: A systematic review and a roadmap to sustainable innovation. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30 (8), 4237–4257. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2867</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grybauskas, A., Stefanini, A., &amp; Ghobakhloo, M. (2022). Social sustainability in the age of digitalization: A systematic literature Review on the social implications of industry 4.0. Technology in Society, 70, 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101997</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hair, J. F., &amp; Hult, G. T. M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Third Edition. Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hervas-Oliver, J. L., Gonzalez-Alcaide, G., Rojas-Alvarado, R., &amp; Monto-Mompo, S. (2021). Emerging regional innovation policies for industry 4.0: analyzing the digital innovation hub program in European regions. Competitiveness Review, 31 (1), 106–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-12–2019–0159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klesel, M., Schuberth, F., Henseler, J., &amp; Niehaves, B. (2019). A test for multigroup comparison using partial least squares path modeling. Internet Research, 29 (3), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-11–2017–0418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koropets, O. A., &amp; Tukhtarova, E. K. (2021). The Impact of Advanced Industry 4.0 Technologies on Unemployment in Russian Regions. Economy of Region, 17 (1), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021–1-14 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotlyarova, S. N., &amp; Shamova, E. A. (2023). Development Trends and Dynamics of Industrial Specialization in Russian Regions. R-Economy, 9 (4), 384–404. https://doi.org/10.15826/recon.2023.9.4.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, L. (2022). Reskilling and Upskilling the Future-ready Workforce for Industry 4.0 and Beyond. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796–022–10308-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin, D., Lee, C. K. M., Lau, H., &amp; Yang, Y. (2018). Strategic response to Industry 4.0: an empirical investigation on the Chinese automotive industry. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems, 118 (3), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09–2017–0403</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik, N., Tripathi, S. N., Kar, A. K., &amp; Gupta, S. (2022). Impact of artificial intelligence on employees working in industry 4.0 led organizations. International Journal of Manpower, 43 (2), 334–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03–2021–0173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miao, Z. (2022). Industry 4.0: technology spillover impact on digital manufacturing industry. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 35 (4–5), 1251–1266. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-02–2021–0113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rakhmeeva, I. I. (2020). Geographical vs institutional factors of the development of old industrial regions in industry 4.0: the case of Ural macro-region. R-Economy, 6 (4), 280–291. https://doi.org/10.15826/recon.2020.6.4.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rikala, P., Braun, G., Järvinen, M., Stahre, J., &amp; Hämäläinen, R. (2024). Understanding and measuring skill gaps in Industry 4.0 — A review. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 201, 123206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodzalan, S. A., Noor, N. N. M., Saat, M. M., Abdullah, N. H., Othman, A., Singh, H., &amp; Emran, N. M. (2022). An Investigation of Present and Future Work Skills in Industry 4.0: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 28 (2), 356–371. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.2.356371</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanova, O. A., &amp; Sirotin, D. V. (2019). Metallurgical Complex of Central Urals in the Conditions of Development under Industry 4.0: The Road Map for Repositioning the Complex. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 30 (2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700719020187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romanova, O. A., &amp; Kuzmin, E. A. (2020). Industrial Policy Strategy: A Case of Changing National Priorities in Russia. WSEAS Transactions On Business And Economics, 17, 879–888. https://doi.org/10.37394/23207.2020.17.86</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanders, A., Elangeswaran, C., &amp; Wulfsberg, J. (2016). Industry 4.0 implies lean manufacturing: Research activities in industry 4.0 function as enablers for lean manufacturing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 9 (3), 811–833. https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1940</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh, R. K., Agrawal, S., &amp; Modgil, S. (2022). Developing human capital 4.0 in emerging economies: an industry 4.0 perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 43 (2), 286–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03–2021–0159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorger, M., Ralph, B. J., Hartl, K., Woschank, M., &amp; Stockinger, M. (2021). Big data in the metal processing value chain: A systematic digitalization approach under special consideration of standardization and SMEs. Applied Sciences, 11 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tortorella, G. L., Cawley Vergara, A. Mac, Garza-Reyes, J. A., &amp; Sawhney, R. (2020). Organizational learning paths based upon industry 4.0 adoption: An empirical study with Brazilian manufacturers. International Journal of Production Economics, 219, 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.06.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tran, T. L. Q., Herdon, M., Phan, T. D., &amp; Nguyen, T. M. (2023). Digital skill types and economic performance in the EU27 region, 2020–2021. Regional Statistics, 13 (3), 536–558. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS130307</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkov, S., Gushchina, E., &amp; Vitalyeva, V. (2019). Asynchrony formation 4.0 Industry in the Russian regions. Euro-American Association of Economic Development, 19 (2), 45–56. https://www.usc.gal/economet/reviews/eers1924.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wanasinghe, T. R., Trinh, T., Nguyen, T., Gosine, R. G., James, L. A., &amp; Warrian, P. J. (2021). Human centric digital transformation and operator 4.0 for the oil and gas industry. IEEE Access, 9, 113270–113291. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103680</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu, F., &amp; Schweisfurth, T. (2020). Industry 4.0 technology implementation in SMEs — A survey in the Danish-German border region. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4 (3), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2020.05.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zonnenshain, A., Fortuna, G., Adres, E., &amp; Kenett, R. S. (2020). Regional development in the era of industry 4.0. Dynamic Relationships Management Journal, 9 (2), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.17708/DRMJ.2020.v09n02a02</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zubarevich, N. V. (2022). Regions of Russia in the new economic realities. Journal of the New Economic Association, 55 (3), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.31737/2221–2264–2022–55–3-15</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>