<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-8</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Poverty and Economic Growth in Russian Agglomerations: Trends and Dependencies</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Бедность и экономический рост в российских агломерациях: тенденции и зависимости</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7511-2141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Roslyakova </surname><given-names>Natalia А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рослякова</surname><given-names>Наталья Андреевна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>na@roslyakova24.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0830-2081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Okrepilov </surname><given-names>Vladimir V. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окрепилов </surname><given-names>Владимир Валентинович </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>okrepilov@test-spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for Regional Economic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем региональной экономики РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-19" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1048</fpage><lpage>1061</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-02"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-19"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2023 Natalia А. Roslyakova, Vladimir V. Okrepilov</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2023 Наталья Андреевна  Рослякова, Владимир Валентинович Окрепилов</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Natalia А. Roslyakova, Vladimir V. Okrepilov</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Наталья Андреевна  Рослякова, Владимир Валентинович Окрепилов</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/703">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/703</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/703/251">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/703/251</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Strategic documents define a list of Russian agglomerations that are expected to significantly contribute to the national economy. However, the question whether there is potential to achieve the set goals remains unresolved. Population dynamics as a key aspect of economic sustainability of agglomerations and regions can lead to a transformation of economic potential. The study aims to clarify and quantify the relationship between the parameters of poverty and economic growth considering the population dynamics of agglomerations and regions. Official statistics, as well as the SPARK-Interfax database of companies’ performance indicators were analysed. The article uses statistical and econometric methods. The 2008-2022 data on population dynamics in agglomerations and regions of their location were used to establish a typology of Russian agglomerations. At the next stage, a regression model of the relationship between the proportion of people living in poverty and gross metropolitan product per capita was built based on the 2008-2020 data. As a result, the Kuznets hypothesis was rejected. The following relationship is observed in all agglomerations: after the turning point, economic growth is accompanied by an increase in poverty. The transition poverty level is 6.6 % for Saint Petersburg, 12.9 % for Novosibirsk and 13.8 % for Vladivostok. Analysis of the hypothesis of List and Gallet for agglomerations characterised by positive population dynamics (Saint Petersburg and Novosibirsk) proved that poverty declines accompanied by further economic growth after the poverty rate of 9.1 % and 14.8 %, respectively. The findings can be used to formulate management responses to the challenges associated with negative socio-economic trends. Future studies can expand the list of examined agglomerations and consider their industry profiles for a more detailed assessment of the impact of transformational changes.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Стратегические документы определяют перечень агломераций России, для которых предполагается существенный вклад в экономику страны. Однако не решается вопрос о наличии потенциала, способствующего достижению этих целей. Динамика численности населения является одним из ключевых аспектов устойчивости экономических систем агломераций и регионов, который может вести к существенной трансформации экономического потенциала. Целью исследования являются уточнение и квантификация взаимосвязи между параметрами бедности и экономического роста с учетом динамики численности населения агломераций и регионов их расположения. В качестве источника данных выступила официальная статистика, а также база данных показателей деятельности компаний СПАРК-Интерфакс. В статье используются статистические и эконометрические методы. На данных 2008−2022 гг. о динамике численности населения в агломерациях и регионах их расположения обоснована типология агломераций России. На следующем этапе на данных 2008−2020 гг. проводится регрессионное моделирование взаимосвязи между долей бедного населения и валовым городским продуктом на душу населения. В результате отвергается гипотеза С. Кузнеца. Для всех агломераций характерна зависимость, когда после прохождения точки экстремума рост экономик сопровождается ростом уровня бедности. Переходный уровень бедности составил 6,6 % для Санкт-Петербурга, 12,9 % для Новосибирска и 13,8 % для Владивостока. Анализ взаимосвязи через гипотезу Дж. Листа и К. Галлета для агломераций, характеризующихся положительной динамикой численности населения (Санкт-Петербург и Новосибирск), позволил доказать наличие стадии снижения бедности при условии дальнейшего роста экономики после уровня бедности 9,1 % и 14,8 %, соответственно. Полученные результаты могут применяться в качестве аналитических основ управленческого ответа на вызовы, связанные с реализацией негативных тенденций социально-экономического развития. Развитием исследования является расширения перечня рассматриваемых агломераций в сочетании с учетом их отраслевых профилей для более детальной оценки направлений влияния трансформационных изменений.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>poverty level, population dynamics, economic growth, agglomerations, regression analysis, Kuznets curve</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уровень бедности, динамика численности населения, экономический рост, агломерации, регрессионный анализ, кривая Кузнеца</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The article has been prepared with the support of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-28-10090, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-10090/ and a grant from the St. Petersburg Scientific Foundation with the support of the Government of St. Petersburg, at the Institute for Regional Economic Studies of RAS.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-10090, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-10090/ и гранта Санкт-Петербургского научного фонда при поддержке Правительства Санкт-Петербурга, в Институте проблем региональной экономики Российской академии наук.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu, D., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2002). The Political Economy of the Kuznets Curve. Review of Development Economics, 6 (2), 183-203. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., &amp; Zucman, G. (2017). Global inequality dynamics: New findings from WID.world. American Economic Review, 107 (5), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171095</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belekhova, G. V. (2023). The Scale of Inequality and the Specifics of Its Perception in Modern Russia. Ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz [Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast], 16 (1), 164-185. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2023.1.85.9 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunt, L., &amp; García-Peñalosa, C. (2022). Urbanisation and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth. The Economic Journal, 132 (642), 512545. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab050 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukowski, P., &amp; Novokmet, F. (2021). Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015. Journal of Economic Growth, 26, 187-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-021-09190-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Canh, N. P., Schinckus, C., Thanh, S. D., &amp; Chong Hui Ling, F. (2020). Effects of the internet, mobile, and land phones on income inequality and The Kuznets curve: Cross country analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 44 (10), 102041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang, S., Gupta, R., Miller, S. M., &amp; Wohar, M. E. (2019). Growth volatility and inequality in the U.S.: A wavelet analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 521, 48-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Checchi, D., García-Peñalosa, C., &amp; Vivian, L. (2022). Hours Inequality. CESifo Working Paper, 10128, 57. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4301640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury, R. R., &amp; Moran, E. F. (2012). Turning the curve: A critical review of Kuznets approaches. Applied Geography, 32 (1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.07.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Oliveira, W. T., &amp; Saiani, C. C. S. (2021). Inequality of Access to Public Services of Basic Sanitation in Brazilian Municipalities: Analysis of Kuznets Curve and Selectivity of Public Policies Hypothesis. Modern Economy, 12 (1), 17-45. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2021.121002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desbordes, R., &amp; Verardi, V. (2012). Refitting the Kuznets curve. Economics Letters, 116 (2), 258-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.03.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dovey, K., Rao, F., &amp; Pafka, E. (2017). Agglomeration and assemblage: Deterritorialising urban theory. Urban Studies, 55 (2), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017711650</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang, L. (2019). Agglomeration and innovation: Selection or true effect? Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52 (2), 423-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19868467</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu, W., &amp; Qian, H. (2023). Building innovative capacity in regional entrepreneurship and innovation (eco)systems: Startups versus incumbent firms. Growth and Change, 54 (3), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gómez-León, M. (2021). The Kuznets curve in Brazil, 1850-2010. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 39 (1), 3761. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610920000166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isard, W. (1966). Methods of regional analysis: An Introduction to Regional Science [Metody regionalnogo analiza: vvedenie v nauku o regionakh]. Trans. from English by V. M. Gokhman et al.; Intro. article and ed. by A. E. Probst. Moscow: Progress, 659. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keil, R., Hamel, P., Boudreau, J.-A., &amp; Kipfer, S. (Eds.) (2016). Governing cities through regions: Canadian and European perspectives. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 422.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorev, B. S. (1975). Problemy gorodov (urbanizatsiya i edinaya sistema rasseleniya v SSSR) [Problems of cities (urbanization and the unified settlement system in the USSR)]. Moscow: Mysl, 428. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolomak, E. A., &amp; Sherubneva, A. I. (2023). Assessment of the Significance of Agglomeration Effects in the South of Siberia. Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika [Spatial Economics], 19 (1), 52-69. https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.052-069 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krugman P. (1998). Space: The Final Frontier. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45 (1), 1-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrinenko, P. A., Mikhailova, T. N., Romashina, A. A., &amp; Chistyakov, P. A. (2019). Agglomeration effect as a tool of regional development. Problemy prognozirovaniya [Studies on Russian Economic Development], 3 (174), 50-59. (In Russ)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lessmann, C., &amp; Seidel, A. (2017). Regional inequality, convergence, and its determinants — a view from outer space. European Economic Review, 92, 110132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.11.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">List, J. A., &amp; Gallet, C. A. (1999). The Kuznets Curve: What Happens After the Inverted-U? Review of Development Economics, 3 (2), 200206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, L. V. (2023). Efficiency of large cities: Theory and empirics. Voprosy ekonomiki, 3, 83-101. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-3-83-101 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhametzhan, S. O., Junusbekova, G. A., &amp; Daueshov, M. Ye. (2020). Urban Development Management in Pursuit of Regional Economic Growth: the Example of Kazakhstan. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of region], 16 (4), 1285-1301. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-4-19 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nozdrina, N. N, &amp; Schneiderman, I. M. (2022). Quality of life and housing conditions of the population in the largest agglomerations and million-plus cities of Russia. Narodonaselenie [Population], 25 (1), 417. https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.1 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phelps, N. A., &amp; Miao, J. T. (2020). Varieties of urban entrepreneurialism. Dialogues in human geography, 10 (3), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820619890438</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piketty, T. (2016). Capital in the Twenty-First Century [Kapital v XXI veke]. Trans. by A. Dunaev. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press. 591. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piketty, T., &amp; Saez, E. (2014). Inequality in the long run. Science, 344 (6186), 838-843. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251936 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poliquin, C. W. (2021). The Wage and Inequality Impacts of Broadband Internet. https://poliquin.xyz/files/poliquin_jmp.pdf </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Power, B., Doran, J., &amp; Ryan, G. (2019). The effect of agglomeration economies on firm deaths: A comparison of firm and regional based approaches. Urban Studies, 56 (16), 3358-3374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018817428</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravallion, M., &amp; Chen, S. (2022). Is that really a Kuznets curve? Turning points for income inequality in China. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 20 (4), 749-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-022-09541-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sayed, A., &amp; Peng, B. (2020). The income inequality curve in the last 100 years: What happened to the Inverted-U? Research in Economics, 74 (1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2019.12.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song, Y., &amp; Zhang, C. (2020). City size and housing purchase intention: Evidence from rural–urban migrants in China. Urban Studies, 57 (9), 1866-1886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019856822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yurevich, М. А. (2019). Social Inequality, Investment, and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Regulation, 10 (4), 3546. https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2019.10.4.035-046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang, R., &amp; Ben Naceur, S. (2019). Financial development, inequality, and poverty: Some international evidence. International Review of Economics &amp; Finance, 61, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.12.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zherdetskaya, Ye. S. (2015). Inequality in Income Distribution and Economic Growth: Search for Interconnections. Vestnik Altayskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta [Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University], 7 (129), 190-195. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белехова, Г. В. (2023). Масштабы неравенства и особенности его восприятия в современной России. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 16 (1), 164-185. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2023.1.85.9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жердецкая, Е. С. (2015). Неравенство в распределении доходов и экономический рост: поиск взаимосвязи. Вестник Алтайского государственного аграрного университета, 7 (129), 190-195.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Изард, У. (1966). Методы регионального анализа: введение в науку о регионах. Сокр. пер. с англ. В. М. Гохмана и др.; вступ. статья и ред. А. Е. Пробста. Москва: Прогрес, 659.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коломак, Е. А., Шерубнёва, А. И. (2023). Оценка значимости агломерационных эффектов на юге Сибири. Пространственная экономика, 19 (1), 52-69. https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2023.1.052-069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лавриненко, П. А., Михайлова, Т. Н., Ромашина, А. А., Чистяков П. А. (2019). Агломерационные эффекты как инструмент регионального развития. Проблемы прогнозирования, 3 (174), 50-59. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова, Л. В. (2023). Эффективность больших городов: теория и эмпирика. Вопросы экономики, 3, 83-101. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-3-83-101</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ноздрина, Н. Н., Шнейдерман, И. М. (2022). Качество жизни и жилищные условия населения в крупнейших агломерациях и городах-миллионниках России. Народонаселение, 25 (1), 4-17. https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пикетти, Т. (2016). Капитал в XXI веке. Пер. с фр. А. Дунаев. Москва: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 591.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хорев, Б. С. (1975). Проблемы городов (урбанизация и единая система расселения в СССР). Москва: Мысль, 428.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юревич, М. А. (2019). Социальное неравенство, инвестиции и экономической рост. Journal of Economic Regulation, 10 (4), 3546. https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2019.10.4.035-046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu, D., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2002). The Political Economy of the Kuznets Curve. Review of Development Economics, 6 (2), 183-203. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., &amp; Zucman, G. (2017). Global inequality dynamics: New findings from WID.world. American Economic Review, 107 (5), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171095</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunt, L., &amp; García-Peñalosa, C. (2022). Urbanisation and the Onset of Modern Economic Growth. The Economic Journal, 132 (642), 512545. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab050 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bukowski, P., &amp; Novokmet, F. (2021). Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015. Journal of Economic Growth, 26, 187-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-021-09190-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Canh, N. P., Schinckus, C., Thanh, S. D., &amp; Chong Hui Ling, F. (2020). Effects of the internet, mobile, and land phones on income inequality and The Kuznets curve: Cross country analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 44 (10), 102041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang, S., Gupta, R., Miller, S. M., &amp; Wohar, M. E. (2019). Growth volatility and inequality in the U.S.: A wavelet analysis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 521, 48-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Checchi, D., García-Peñalosa, C., &amp; Vivian, L. (2022). Hours Inequality. CESifo Working Paper, 10128, 57. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4301640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury, R. R., &amp; Moran, E. F. (2012). Turning the curve: A critical review of Kuznets approaches. Applied Geography, 32 (1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.07.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Oliveira, W. T., &amp; Saiani, C. C. S. (2021). Inequality of Access to Public Services of Basic Sanitation in Brazilian Municipalities: Analysis of Kuznets Curve and Selectivity of Public Policies Hypothesis. Modern Economy, 12 (1), 17-45. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2021.121002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desbordes, R., &amp; Verardi, V. (2012). Refitting the Kuznets curve. Economics Letters, 116 (2), 258-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.03.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dovey, K., Rao, F., &amp; Pafka, E. (2017). Agglomeration and assemblage: Deterritorialising urban theory. Urban Studies, 55 (2), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017711650</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang, L. (2019). Agglomeration and innovation: Selection or true effect? Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52 (2), 423-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19868467</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu, W., &amp; Qian, H. (2023). Building innovative capacity in regional entrepreneurship and innovation (eco)systems: Startups versus incumbent firms. Growth and Change, 54 (3), 771-793. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gómez-León, M. (2021). The Kuznets curve in Brazil, 1850-2010. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 39 (1), 3761. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610920000166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keil, R., Hamel, P., Boudreau, J.-A., &amp; Kipfer, S. (Eds.) (2016). Governing cities through regions: Canadian and European perspectives. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 422.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krugman P. (1998). Space: The Final Frontier. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12 (2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45 (1), 1-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lessmann, C., &amp; Seidel, A. (2017). Regional inequality, convergence, and its determinants — a view from outer space. European Economic Review, 92, 110132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.11.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">List, J. A., &amp; Gallet, C. A. (1999). The Kuznets Curve: What Happens After the Inverted-U? Review of Development Economics, 3 (2), 200206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phelps, N. A., &amp; Miao, J. T. (2020). Varieties of urban entrepreneurialism. Dialogues in human geography, 10 (3), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820619890438</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piketty, T., &amp; Saez, E. (2014). Inequality in the long run. Science, 344 (6186), 838-843. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251936 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poliquin, C. W. (2021). The Wage and Inequality Impacts of Broadband Internet. https://poliquin.xyz/files/poliquin_jmp.pdf </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Power, B., Doran, J., &amp; Ryan, G. (2019). The effect of agglomeration economies on firm deaths: A comparison of firm and regional based approaches. Urban Studies, 56 (16), 3358-3374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018817428</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravallion, M., &amp; Chen, S. (2022). Is that really a Kuznets curve? Turning points for income inequality in China. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 20 (4), 749-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-022-09541-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sayed, A., &amp; Peng, B. (2020). The income inequality curve in the last 100 years: What happened to the Inverted-U? Research in Economics, 74 (1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2019.12.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song, Y., &amp; Zhang, C. (2020). City size and housing purchase intention: Evidence from rural–urban migrants in China. Urban Studies, 57 (9), 1866-1886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019856822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yurevich, М. А. (2019). Social Inequality, Investment, and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Regulation, 10 (4), 3546. https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2019.10.4.035-046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang, R., &amp; Ben Naceur, S. (2019). Financial development, inequality, and poverty: Some international evidence. International Review of Economics &amp; Finance, 61, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.12.015</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>