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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-1-21</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>The Experience of Bulgaria in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment — Lessons for Emerging Economies</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Опыт Болгарии в привлечении прямых иностранных инвестиций: уроки для стран с развивающимися рынками</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-7588</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhelev</surname><given-names>Paskal N. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Желев  </surname><given-names>Паскал Неделчев </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>pzhelev@unwe.bg</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-2174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kussainova</surname><given-names>Aiman A. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кусаинова </surname><given-names>Айман Акаевна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>akussainova1@shokan.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of National and World Economy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет национального и мирового хозяйства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ualikhanov University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кокшетауский университет им. Ш. Уалиханова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-28" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>305</fpage><lpage>320</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-03"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2024 Paskal N. Zhelev , Aiman A. Kussainova </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Paskal N. Zhelev , Aiman A. Kussainova </copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/285">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/285</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/285/291">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/285/291</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been crucial in transitioning Central and Eastern European countries from planned to market economies, facilitating technological modernisation, job creation, export performance, and regional competitiveness. However, FDI alone cannot solve economic development challenges; effective policies are essential for leveraging FDI as a catalyst for economic catch-up. This paper aims to derive economic policy lessons for emerging economies through a critical assessment of the Bulgarian experience in attracting FDI. It employs a methodological approach that combines quantitative analysis of key FDI indicators with qualitative evaluation of the policy landscape.  Since the end of the 1990s, Bulgaria has secured macroeconomic and political stability as an important precondition for FDI, applying an open-door policy for foreign investors without strategic targeting. The country&amp;apos;s accession to the European Union in 2007 further enhanced its investment appeal. Nevertheless, the passive policy of reliance on a low tax regime and low labour costs without a strategic focus has led to unbalanced regional and unfavourable sectoral distribution with foreign investors crowding into the metropolitan area and sectors like non-tradable services and low-end manufacturing. Thereby, the Bulgarian experience, where the quantity of incoming FDI overshadowed the quality, demonstrates the insufficiency of a laissez-faire FDI strategy for maximising the benefits of FDI. The study underscores the necessity for proactive state policies in emerging economies that not only attract FDI but also ensure it fosters technological transfer and stimulates the economic potential of underdeveloped regions.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Прямые иностранные инвестиции (ПИИ) сыграли решающую роль в переходе стран Центральной и Восточной Европы от плановой к рыночной экономике, способствуя проведению технологической модернизации, созданию рабочих мест, увеличению экспортных показателей и усилению региональной конкурентоспособности. Однако сами по себе ПИИ не могут решить проблемы экономического развития; для их использования в качестве катализатора экономического роста необходима эффективная государственная политика. В статье критически оценивается опыт Болгарии в привлечении ПИИ, который может стать уроком для других стран с развивающимися рынками. Используемый методологический подход сочетает количественный анализ ключевых показателей ПИИ с качественной оценкой политической обстановки в стране. Установившаяся в конце 1990-х гг. макроэкономическая и политическая стабильность стала важным условием привлечения прямых иностранных инвестиций в Болгарию. Реализуемая политика открытых дверей для иностранных инвесторов проводилась без стратегической ориентации. Вступление Болгарии в Европейский союз в 2007 г. еще больше повысило инвестиционную привлекательность страны. Тем не менее, проведение пассивной политики, для которой характерны низкое налогообложение и низкие затраты на рабочую силу, привело к неравномерному распределению инвестиций по регионам и отраслям. Иностранные инвесторы в основном вкладывают средства в развитие столичного региона, а также в развитие таких секторов, как некоммерческие услуги и низкоуровневое производство. Опыт Болгарии, где количество поступающих инвестиций важнее их качества, демонстрирует недостаточность стратегии невмешательства для максимизации выгод от ПИИ. Проведенное исследование подчеркивает необходимость активной государственной политики в странах с развивающейся экономикой, нацеленной не только на привлечение ПИИ, но и на обеспечение передачи технологий и усиление экономического потенциала отстающих регионов.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>catching-up development, competitiveness, foreign direct investment, FDI policy, incentives, industrial zones, regional development</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>догоняющее развитие, конкурентоспособность, прямые иностранные инвестиции, политика ПИИ, льготы, промышленные зоны, региональное развитие</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The article has been prepared with the support of the project BG05M2OP001-2.016-0004-C01 “Economic education in Bulgaria 2030”.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья подготовлена при поддержке проекта BG05M2OP001-2.016-0004-C01 «Экономическое образование в Болгарии 2030».</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitzenis, A. 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