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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2026-3-10</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Technological Proximity and Macro-Regions:  Russia and China in the Structure of the Eurasian Economy</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Технологическая близость и макрорегионы: Россия и Китай в структуре евразийской экономики</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9649-0168</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhtizin </surname><given-names>Albert R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахтизин </surname><given-names>Альберт Рауфович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>albert.bakhtizin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный экономико-математический институт Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>612</fpage><lpage>625</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-03"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2026 Albert R. Bakhtizin</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2026 Альберт Рауфович Бахтизин</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Albert R. Bakhtizin</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Альберт Рауфович Бахтизин</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1506">https://economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1506</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1506/1566">https://economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1506/1566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Amid tightening trade restrictions and increasing geoeconomic fragmentation, the global economic structure is transforming, while the role of macro-regional blocs is growing in prominence. The resilience of these blocs hinges on trade volumes, the compatibility of production systems, resource availability, and the existence of an independent financial infrastructure. This study aims to shed light on the structural foundations necessary to form a Eurasian macro-region and to clarify how Russia and China fit into this framework. Technological proximity among 80 countries was evaluated using the OECD’s unified input–output tables, which cover 55 industries. In the assessment, normalized intermediate input profiles were compared. The indicator’s dynamics were traced over 1995–2022. The resulting estimates were cross-referenced with a national power index for 193 states, derived through multivariate statistical analysis. From 1995 to 2020, the median technological proximity coefficient remained largely stable, fluctuating within the 0.619–0.641 range. In 2022, it rose to 0.715. This increase likely reflects the structural adjustments that the global economy has been undergoing in response to crises, rather than a durable trend toward global convergence. The analysis revealed a European industrial core, an Asian production network centred on China (with particularly strong linkages to the Republic of Korea and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam), and the structurally autonomous position of the United States. Russia has the highest level of technological compatibility with industrial Europe and occupies an intermediate position between the emerging economic poles. According to the national power index, China ranks first, the United States second, and Russia third. To advance Russian–Chinese cooperation in Greater Eurasia most effectively, it is essential to strengthen industrial collaboration, capitalize on resource complementarities, deepen investment ties, and establish independent settlement mechanisms. These findings can be used to assess the resilience of macro-regional blocs and to identify priority areas for Russian–Chinese partnership.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Усиление торговых ограничений и геоэкономической фрагментации меняет структуру мировой экономики и повышает значение макрорегиональных объединений. Устойчивость таких объединений зависит от объемов торговли, совместимости производственных систем, ресурсной обеспеченности и наличия самостоятельной финансовой инфраструктуры. Цель исследования состоит в выявлении структурных предпосылок формирования евразийского макрорегиона и определении роли России и Китая. Технологическая близость 80 стран оценивалась по унифицированным таблицам «затраты–выпуск» ОЭСР, охватывающим 55 отраслей, на основе сопоставления нормированных профилей промежуточных затрат. Динамика показателя анализировалась за 1995–2022 гг. Полученные оценки сопоставлялись с индексом национальной силы 193 государств, рассчитанным методами многомерного статистического анализа. В 1995–2020 гг. медианный коэффициент технологической близости оставался практически стабильным и находился в диапазоне 0,619–0,641. В 2022 г. он увеличился до 0,715. Этот рост, вероятно, отражает кризисную структурную адаптацию мировой экономики и пока не свидетельствует об устойчивом глобальном сближении. Выявлены европейское индустриальное ядро, азиатский производственный контур Китайской Народной Республики с наиболее тесными связями с Республикой Корея и Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам и структурная автономия США. Россия сохраняет наибольшую технологическую совместимость с индустриальной Европой и занимает промежуточное положение между формирующимися полюсами. По индексу национальной силы первое место занимает Китай, второе — США, третье — Россия. Российско-китайское взаимодействие в Большой Евразии целесообразно развивать через производственную кооперацию, ресурсную взаимодополняемость, инвестиционные связи и независимые расчетные механизмы. Результаты могут использоваться при оценке устойчивости макрорегиональных объединений и выборе направлений российско-китайского сотрудничества.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>technological proximity</kwd><kwd>macro-regions</kwd><kwd>geoeconomic fragmentation</kwd><kwd>input-output tables</kwd><kwd>national power</kwd><kwd>economic integration</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>Greater Eurasia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>технологическая близость</kwd><kwd>макрорегионы</kwd><kwd>геоэкономическая фрагментация</kwd><kwd>таблицы «затраты–выпуск»</kwd><kwd>национальная сила</kwd><kwd>экономическая интеграция</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>Большая Евразия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 26-18-00784 “Hybrid Wars in the Modern World: Forecasting Based on an Agent-Based Approach”.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ No 26-18-00784 «Гибридные войны в современном мире: прогнозирование на основе агент-ориентированного подхода».</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amiti, M., Redding, S. 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