<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-4</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Model for Assessing the Benefits of Living in Russian Cities</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Модель оценки преимуществ проживания в городах России</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-7032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manaeva </surname><given-names>Inna V. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манаева </surname><given-names>Инна Владимировна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>in.manaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belgorod State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-19" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>985</fpage><lpage>1002</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-05"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-19"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2023 Inna V. Manaeva</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2023 Инна Владимировна Манаева</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Inna V. Manaeva</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Инна Владимировна Манаева</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/131">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/131</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/131/247">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/131/247</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At the present stage of globalisation, the phenomenon of urban agglomerations and the need to create conditions to fully realise agglomeration effects require methodological approaches and models for assessing the factors of location efficiency in Russian cities. The study aims to assess the aggregate function of urban production of the effectiveness of benefits of living by using the indicator “the cost per square meter of real estate in the primary market”. The presented author’s methodology for assessing the aggregate function of urban production of average location benefits differs from traditional approaches: it includes an analysis of conditions for the interaction of independent variables and dummy cities, as well as a model with dummy variables. Cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people (megacities, big and large cities) of the Central and Volga Federal Districts in the period 2001-2020 were examined. The testing of the proposed method on the entire sample of cities showed that an increase in high urban functions promotes economic growth of a city and enhances its attractiveness, with a pronounced agglomeration effect. Analysis of properties of large cities in the Central Federal District revealed the inverted U-shaped relationship between location efficiency and the city size, reflecting the disadvantage of the excessively large size. The simulation results demonstrate that high urban functions also play an important role in explaining increasing returns. In order to turn the risk of diminishing returns into the agglomeration economy, it is necessary to invest in high-performance workplaces, research and development. The findings can be used to create and implement policies for the development of urban agglomerations in the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На современном этапе глобализационного развития феномен городских агломераций и необходимость формирования условий, при которых эффекты агломерационной экономики могут быть полностью использованы, актуализируют необходимость разработки методических подходов и специальных моделей, позволяющих оценить факторы эффективности расположения в городах РФ. Цель исследования — оценка совокупной функции городского производства эффективности преимуществ проживания. Для оценки преимуществ проживания определен показатель «стоимость квадратного метра недвижимости на первичном рынке». Предложена авторская методика оценки совокупной функции городского производства средних выгод местоположения преимуществ проживания, отличающаяся от традиционных подходов включением анализа условий взаимодействия независимых переменных и городов-«манекенов» и построением модели с фиктивными переменными. Исследование охватывает города численностью населения более 100 тыс. чел. (города-миллионники, крупные и большие города) Центрального и Приволжского федеральных округов. Период исследования — 2001–2020 гг. Апробация предложенного методического подхода на всей выборке городов показала, что увеличение высоких городских функций способствует экономическому росту города и привлекательности территории, при этом выражена экономия от агломерации. При анализе преимуществ больших городов Центрального федерального округа форма эффективности местоположения по отношению к размеру города превращается в обратную U-образную кривую, отражая недостаток, вытекающий из (чрезмерно) большого городского размера. Эмпирические результаты, полученные в ходе моделирования, позволяют заключить, что помимо размера города, важную роль в объяснении возрастающей отдачи играют высокие городские функции. Инвестиции должны быть направлены в города, чтобы превратить риск снижения отдачи в экономику агломерации, инвестируя в высокопроизводительные рабочие места, научные исследования и разработки. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для разработки и проведения политики развития городских агломераций в Российской Федерации.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>city, economy, agglomeration, location efficiency, cost per square meter of real estate, population, housing accessibility index, housing affordability index, urban functions, high-performance workplaces</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>город, экономика, агломерация, эффективность местоположения, стоимость квадратного метра недвижимости, численность населения, коэффициент доступности жилья, индекс доступности приобретения жилья, городские функции, высокопроизводительные рабочие места</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The article has been prepared with the support of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 22-28-00209.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование поддержано грантом РНФ, проект № 22-28-00209.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso, W. (1973). Urban zero population growth. Daedalus, 102 (4), 191-206. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bufetova, A. N. (2020). Dynamics of the Size Distribution of the Russian Non-Capital Cities in the Post-Soviet Period. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of region], 16 (3), 948-961. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-3-21 (In Russ.) </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burger, M. J., &amp; Meijers, E. J. (2016). Agglomerations and the rise of urban network externalities. Papers in Regional Science, 95 (1), 5-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12223</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camagni, R. P., &amp; Salone, C. (1993). Network urban structures in northern Italy: Elements for a theoretical framework. Urban Studies, 30 (6), 1053-1064. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camagni, R., Capello, R., &amp; Caragliu, A. (2015). Agglomeration economies in large versus small cities: similar laws, high specifities. In: K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp, R. R. Stough (Eds.), The rise of the city (pp. 85–114). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783475360.00010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camagni, R., Diappi, L., &amp; Leonardi, G. (1986). Urban growth and decline in a hierarchical system: A supply-oriented dynamic approach. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 16 (1), 145–160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Catin, M. (1991). Économies d’agglomération et gains de productivité. Revue d’Économie Régionale et Urbaine [Journal of Regional and Urban Economics], 5, 565-598. (In French)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellison, G., Glaeser, E. L., &amp; Kerr, W. R. (2010). What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns. American Economic Review, 100 (3), 1195-1213. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.1195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faggio, G., Silva, O., &amp; Strange, W. C. (2017). Heterogeneous agglomeration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 99 (1), 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00604</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fauser, V. V., Smirnov, A. V., Lytkina, T. S., &amp; Fauzer, G. N. (2021). Urban agglomerations in the settlement system of the north of Russia. Ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz [Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast], 14 (4), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.4.76.5 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fingleton, B., &amp; López-Bazo, E. (2006). Empirical growth models with spatial effects. Papers in Regional Science, 85 (2), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00074.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glaeser, E. L. (2022). What can developing cities today learn from the urban past. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94, 103698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103698</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., &amp; Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (6), 1126-1152. https://doi.org/10.1086/261856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanlon, W. W. (2012). Industry connections and the geographic location of economic activity. SSRN Electronic Journal. URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2143419 (Date of access: 26.02. 2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson, V., Kuncoro, A., &amp; Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103 (5), 1067-1090. https://doi.org/10.1086/262013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hesse, M. (2014). On borrowed size, flawed urbanisation and emerging enclave spaces: The exceptional urbanism of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23 (4), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414528723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolomak, E. A. (2016). Russian Urban System. Region: ekonomika i sotsiologiya [Region: Economics &amp; Sociology], 1 (89), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20160110 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrikova, Yu. G., &amp; Akberdina, V. V. (2019). Technologies for designing spatial development of an industrial metropolis. Journal of New Economy, 20 (2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.29141/2073-1019-2019-20-2-5 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Limonov, L. E., &amp; Nesena, M. V. (2015). Typology of large cities of Russia by economic structure. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society], 147 (6), 59-77. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22 (1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meijers, E. J., Burger, M. J., &amp; Hoogerbrugge, M. M. (2016). Borrowing size in networks of cities: City size, network connectivity and metropolitan functions in Europe. Papers in Regional Science, 95 (1), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12181</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirgorodskaya, E. O. (2017). Assessment of the territorial and economic connection of cities in the agglomeration (The case of Big Rostov). Vestnik VolGU. Seriya 3, Ekonomika. Ekologiya [Science Journal of VolSU. Global Economic System], 19 (4), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2017.4.1 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mossay, P., Picard, P. M., &amp; Tabuchi, T. (2020). Urban structures with forward and backward linkages. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 83, 103522. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REGSCIURBECO.2020.103522</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parr, J. B. (2002). Agglomeration economies: Ambiguities and confusions. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 34 (4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.1068/a34106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phelps, N. A. (1992). External economies, agglomeration and flexible accumulation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17 (1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/622635</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pogonyi, C. G., Graham, D. J., &amp; Carbo, J. M. (2021). Metros, agglomeration and displacement. Evidence from London. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 90, 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103681</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter, M. E. (1996). Competitive advantage, agglomeration economies, and regional policy. International Regional Science Review, 19 (1–2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769601900208</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rastvortseva, S. N., &amp; Ternovskii, D. S. (2016). Drivers of Concentration of Economic Activity in Russia’s Regions. Ekonomicheskie i sotsialnye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz [Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast], 2 (44), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2016.2.44.9 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun, Y. (2016). Functional-coefficient spatial autoregressive models with nonparametric spatial weights. Journal of Econometrics, 195 (1), 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.07.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zubarevich, N. V. (2017). Russia’s agglomerations development: trends, resources and governing. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost [Social sciences and contemporary world], 6, 5-21. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буфетова, А. Н. (2020). Динамика распределения размеров нестоличных городов России в постсоветский период. Экономика региона, 16 (3), 948-961. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-3-21</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубаревич, Н. В. (2017). Развитие российских агломераций: тенденции, ресурсы и возможности управления. Общественные науки и современность, 6, 5-21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коломак, Е. А. (2016). Городская система России. Регион: экономика и социология, 1 (89), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20160110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лаврикова, Ю. Г., Акбердина, В. В. (2019). Технологии проектирования пространственного развития индустриального мегаполиса. Journal of New Economy, 20 (2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.29141/2073-1019-2019-20-2-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лимонов, Л. Э., Несена, М. В. (2015). Структурно-экономическая типология крупных российских городов. Известия русского географического общества, 147 (6), 59-77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миргородская, Е. О. (2017). Оценка территориально-экономической связанности городов в агломерации (на примере большого Ростова). Вестник ВолГУ. Сер. 3, Экономика. Экология, 19 (4), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2017.4.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Растворцева, С. Н., Терновский, Д. С. (2016). Факторы концентрации экономической активности в регионах России. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 2 (44), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2016.2.44.9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фаузер, В. В., Смирнов, А. В., Лыткина, Т. С., Фаузер, Г. Н. (2021). Городские агломерации в системе расселения Севера России. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз, 14 (4), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.4.76.5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso, W. (1973). Urban zero population growth. Daedalus, 102 (4), 191-206. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burger, M. J., &amp; Meijers, E. J. (2016). Agglomerations and the rise of urban network externalities. Papers in Regional Science, 95 (1), 5-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12223</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camagni, R. P., &amp; Salone, C. (1993). Network urban structures in northern Italy: Elements for a theoretical framework. Urban Studies, 30 (6), 1053-1064. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camagni, R., Capello, R., &amp; Caragliu, A. (2015). Agglomeration economies in large versus small cities: similar laws, high specifities. In: K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp, R. R. Stough (Eds.), The rise of the city (pp. 85–114). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783475360.00010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camagni, R., Diappi, L., &amp; Leonardi, G. (1986). Urban growth and decline in a hierarchical system: A supply-oriented dynamic approach. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 16 (1), 145–160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Catin, M. (1991). Économies d’agglomération et gains de productivité. Revue d’Économie Régionale et Urbaine [Journal of Regional and Urban Economics], 5, 565-598. (In French)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellison, G., Glaeser, E. L., &amp; Kerr, W. R. (2010). What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns. American Economic Review, 100 (3), 1195-1213. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.1195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faggio, G., Silva, O., &amp; Strange, W. C. (2017). Heterogeneous agglomeration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 99 (1), 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00604</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fingleton, B., &amp; López-Bazo, E. (2006). Empirical growth models with spatial effects. Papers in Regional Science, 85 (2), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00074.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glaeser, E. L. (2022). What can developing cities today learn from the urban past. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 94, 103698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103698</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glaeser, E. L., Kallal, H. D., Scheinkman, J. A., &amp; Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (6), 1126-1152. https://doi.org/10.1086/261856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanlon, W. W. (2012). Industry connections and the geographic location of economic activity. SSRN Electronic Journal. URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2143419 (Date of access: 26.02. 2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson, V., Kuncoro, A., &amp; Turner, M. (1995). Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 103 (5), 1067-1090. https://doi.org/10.1086/262013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hesse, M. (2014). On borrowed size, flawed urbanisation and emerging enclave spaces: The exceptional urbanism of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23 (4), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776414528723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22 (1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meijers, E. J., Burger, M. J., &amp; Hoogerbrugge, M. M. (2016). Borrowing size in networks of cities: City size, network connectivity and metropolitan functions in Europe. Papers in Regional Science, 95 (1), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12181</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mossay, P., Picard, P. M., &amp; Tabuchi, T. (2020). Urban structures with forward and backward linkages. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 83, 103522. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.REGSCIURBECO.2020.103522</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parr, J. B. (2002). Agglomeration economies: Ambiguities and confusions. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 34 (4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.1068/a34106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phelps, N. A. (1992). External economies, agglomeration and flexible accumulation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17 (1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.2307/622635</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pogonyi, C. G., Graham, D. J., &amp; Carbo, J. M. (2021). Metros, agglomeration and displacement. Evidence from London. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 90, 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103681</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter, M. E. (1996). Competitive advantage, agglomeration economies, and regional policy. International Regional Science Review, 19 (1–2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769601900208</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun, Y. (2016). Functional-coefficient spatial autoregressive models with nonparametric spatial weights. Journal of Econometrics, 195 (1), 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.07.005</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>