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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2026-1-8</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Determinants of Gross Regional Product in Russia: A Machine Learning Approach</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Валовой региональный продукт: анализ детерминант для России с использованием моделей машинного обучения</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-3856</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Badykova </surname><given-names>Idelia R. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бадыкова</surname><given-names>Иделя Рашитовна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>idelia.badykova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan National Research Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>97</fpage><lpage>108</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-25"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2026 Idelia R. Badykova</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2026 Иделя Рашитовна Бадыкова</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Idelia R. Badykova</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иделя Рашитовна Бадыкова</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1257">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1257</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1257/776">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1257/776</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Spatial inequality among Russian regions remains a key issue of the national economy, driving sustained academic interest in the determinants of gross regional product (GRP). Despite extensive research, traditional econometric methods often fail to fully capture the complex non-linear relationships, time lags, and synergistic effects between growth factors. The aim of this study is to identify and comprehensively analyse the key determinants of per capita GRP in Russian regions by applying advanced machine learning (ML) methods to overcome the limitations of classical approaches. The empirical base comprises panel data for 85 Russian regions from 2013 to 2023. To predict GRP, 10 initial indicators were selected and grouped into thematic blocks: labour resources, investment, and production potential. A critical step was the creation of derivative features (lags and moving averages) and dummy-variables for regions and years. An ensemble of ML algorithms was used to build the predictive model, with the Light Gradient Boosting Machine algorithm showing the highest performance (R² = 0.7345). The results were interpreted using SHAP analysis and elasticity calculations. The results revealed the absolute dominance of population income indicators, particularly their lagged values and moving averages, confirming the hypothesis of cumulative and inertial growth. The second most significant factor was foreign direct investment, which also exhibited a time-lagged effect. The analysis confirmed all three hypotheses: the predominant influence of lags, the importance of synergy (strongest between income and wages), and the enhanced explanatory power of the model with derivative features. The findings may assist regional authorities in prioritizing sustainable income growth and strategic investment policies, accounting for lagged effects. A limitation of the study is its dependence on the quality of official statistics; future research could incorporate qualitative institutional and socio-cultural indicators.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Пространственное неравенство субъектов Российской Федерации остается одной из ключевых проблем национальной экономики, что обусловливает постоянный научный интерес к детерминантам валового регионального продукта (ВРП). Несмотря на обширный массив исследований, традиционные эконометрические методы оказываются неспособны полноценно выявить сложные нелинейные взаимосвязи, временны́е лаги и синергетические эффекты между факторами роста. Цель данного исследования — выявление и комплексный анализ ключевых детерминант ВРП на душу населения в российских регионах с применением передовых методов машинного обучения для преодоления ограничений классических подходов. Эмпирическая база включает панельные данные по 85 субъектам РФ за 2013–2023 гг. Для прогнозирования ВРП были отобраны 10 исходных показателей, сгруппированных в тематические блоки: трудовые ресурсы, инвестиции и производственный потенциал. Критически важным этапом стало создание производных признаков (лаги и скользящие средние), а также дамми-переменных по регионам и годам. Для построения прогнозной модели был применен ансамбль алгоритмов машинного обучения, из которых наивысшее качество (R² = 0,7345) показал алгоритм Light Gradient Boosting Machine. Интерпретация результатов осуществлялась методами SHAP-анализа и расчета эластичностей. Результаты выявили абсолютное доминирование показателей доходов населения, особенно их лагированных значений и скользящих средних, что подтверждает гипотезу о кумулятивном и инерционном характере роста. Вторым по значимости фактором стали прямые иностранные инвестиции, также проявляющие эффект с временны́м лагом. Анализ подтвердил все три гипотезы: преобладающее влияние лагов, важность синергии (наиболее сильная — между доходами и зарплатой) и повышенная объяснительная способность модели с производными признаками. Полученные результаты имеют практическую ценность для органов регионального управления, формируя четкую повестку: приоритет политики устойчивого роста доходов населения и стратегическое управление инвестициями с учетом их запаздывающего эффекта. Ограничением исследования является зависимость от качества официальной статистики; перспективным направлением будущих работ является включение в модель качественных институциональных и социокультурных показателей.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gross regional product</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>gradient boosting</kwd><kwd>SHAP analysis</kwd><kwd>regional economics</kwd><kwd>population income</kwd><kwd>foreign direct investment</kwd><kwd>time lags</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>валовой региональный продукт</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>градиентный бустинг</kwd><kwd>SHAP-анализ</kwd><kwd>региональная экономика</kwd><kwd>доходы населения</kwd><kwd>прямые иностранные инвестиции</kwd><kwd>временны́е лаги</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akberdina, V. V., Grosheva, P. Yu., Smirnova, O. P., &amp; Ponomareva, A. O. (2022). 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