2072-64142411-140610.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-16Tourism Spatial Spillover Effect and Economic Growth in IndonesiaПространственный спилловер-эффект в сфере туризма и экономический рост в Индонезииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3001-7527Primayesa Elvina Примаеса Эльвина Yesa040486@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1466-779XWidodo Wahyu Видодо Вахью wahyuwid2002@live.undip.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-5839Sugiyanto Franciscus Xaverius Сугиянто Франциск Ксаверий fxsugiyanto09@gmail.comAndalas UniversityУниверситет АндаласDiponegoro UniversityУниверситет Дипонегоро19411611176Copyright © 2023 Elvina Primayesa, Wahyu Widodo, Franciscus Xaverius SugiyantoCopyright © 2023 Эльвина Примаеса, Вахью Видодо, Франциск Ксаверий Сугиянто2023Elvina Primayesa, Wahyu Widodo, Franciscus Xaverius SugiyantoЭльвина Примаеса, Вахью Видодо, Франциск Ксаверий СугиянтоCC BY 4.0https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/122https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/122/259

Economic growth and prosperity are often associated with the development of key sectors such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. The importance of tourism in driving economic growth and prosperity is often overlooked. The study focuses on Indonesia and its diverse tourism resources, pointing out that different provinces have varying impacts on the overall economy due to their distinct tourism assets. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of tourism diversity on regional economic growth. Data were collected from the Central Agency of Statistics (BPS), Ministry of Tourism, and Ministry of Public Works and Housing from 2010 to 2017, using such variables as economic growth, physical investment, population, human capital, and the tourism competitiveness index. Moreover, we considered spatial effects by employing a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to account for the interdependence of different regions in Indonesia. The results reveal that tourism spillovers occur between provinces, meaning that tourism development in one area is influenced not only by its own resources but also by neighbouring provinces. The spatial regression analysis demonstrates that neighbouring areas have a positive impact on each other, reinforcing the idea that tourism development tends to cluster geographically. This suggests that regional tourism development policies should consider these spatial dependencies, aiming for integrated programmes that have an impact not only within a single area but also between regions. The suggestion for further research is to use a type of spatial weight in the form of inter-regional tourist moving, namely the movement of tourists between provinces in Indonesia.

Экономический рост и процветание чаще всего связывают с развитием таких ключевых секторов экономики, как сельское хозяйство, строительство и производство, в то время как важность сферы туризма зачастую недооценивается. В статье анализируется влияние экономического развития различных провинций Индонезии в зависимости от их туристических ресурсов на экономику страны в целом. В частности, исследуется влияние видового разнообразия туризма на региональный экономический рост. Исследование основано на данных Статистического управления Индонезии (BPS), Министерства туризма и Министерства общественных работ и жилищного строительства за период 2010-2017 гг. по таким показателям, как экономический рост, инвестиции в материальные активы, население, человеческий капитал и индекс конкурентоспособности туризма. Для анализа пространственных эффектов использована пространственная модель Дарбина (SDM), демонстрирующая взаимоотношения между различными регионами Индонезии. Результаты исследования показали, что на развитие туризма в одной провинции влияют не только ее собственные ресурсы, но и развитие туризма в соседних регионах. Пространственный регрессионный анализ свидетельствует о положительном влиянии соседних территорий друг на друга, подтверждая тенденцию географической кластеризации. Таким образом, при формировании региональной политики развития туризма необходимо учитывать выявленные пространственные зависимости и разрабатывать комплексные программы, действующие не только в пределах одной провинции, но и на соседних территориях. Для дальнейших исследований можно использовать показатель перемещения туристов между провинциями Индонезии для построения матрицы пространственных весов.

tourism, economic growth, spillovers, tourism competitiveness index, spatial weight matrix, Spatial Durbin Modelтуризм, экономический рост, вторичные эффекты, индекс конкурентоспособности туризма, матрица пространственных весов, пространственная модель ДарбинаAntonakakis, N., Dragouni, M., & Filis, G. (2015). How strong is the linkage between tourism and economic growth in Europe? Economic Modelling, 44, 142–155. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.018Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Tourism and Growth in the Caribbean — Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model. Tourism Economics, 18 (2), 449–456. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0119Arslanturk, Y., Balcilar, M., & Ozdemir, Z. A. (2011). Time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in a small open economy. Economic Modelling, 28 (1-2), 664–671. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.06.003Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jordá, M. (2002). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: the Spanish case. Applied Economics, 34 (7), 877–884. http://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923Belloumi, M. (2010). The relationship between tourism receipts, real effective exchange rate and economic growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (5), 550–560. http://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.774Belotti, F., Hughes, G., & Mortari, A. P. (2017). Spatial panel-data models using Stata. The Stata Journal, 17 (1), 139–180.Brida, J. G., Lanzilotta, B., & Pizzolon, F. (2016). Dynamic relationship between tourism and economic growth in MERCOSUR countries: a nonlinear approach based on asymmetric time series models. Economics Bulletin, 36 (2), 879–894.Brida, J. G., Punzo, L. F., & Risso, W. A. (2011). Research note: Tourism as a factor of growth — The case of Brazil. Tourism Economics, 17 (6), 1375–1386. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2011.0094Capone, F., & Boix, R. (2008). Sources of growth and competitiveness of local tourist production systems: An application to Italy (1991-2001). Annals of Regional Science, 42 (1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-007-0133-7Chou, M. C. (2013). Does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 33, 226–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.024Clancy, M. J. (1999). Tourism and development evidence from Mexico. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1), 1–20. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00046-2Coughlin, C. C., Garret, T. A., & Hernandez-Murillo, R. (2006). Spatial Dependence in Models of State Fiscal Policy Convergence. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. Croes, R., & Vanegas, M. (2008). Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Journal of Travel Research, 47 (1), 94–103. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507312429Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: an empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10 (3), 305–316. http://doi.org/10.5367/0000000041895094Durbarry, R. (2004). Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius. Tourism Economics, 10 (4), 389–401. http://doi.org/10.5367/0000000042430962Fingleton, B., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2006). Empirical Growth Models with Spatial Effects. Papers in Regional Science, 85 (2), 177–198.Gil-Pareja, S., Llorca-Vivero, R., & Martı´nez-Serrano, J. A. (2007). The impact of embassies and consulates on tourism. Tourism Management, 28 (2), 355–360. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.016Gooroochurn, N., & Hanley, A. (2005). Spillover effects in long-haul visitors between two regions. Regional Studies, 39 (6), 727–738. http://doi.org/10.1080/00343400500213606Jovanović, S., & Ilic, I. (2016). Infrastructure as important determinant of tourism development in the countries of Southeast Europe. Ecoforum, 5 (1), 1–34.Katircioglu, S. (2009). Tourism, trade and growth: the case of Cyprus. Applied Economics, 41 (21), 2741–2750. http://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701335512Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2008). The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, 29 (5), 831–840. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.09.005Kim, H. J., Chen, M. H., & Jang, S. S. (2006). Tourism expansion and economic development: The case of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27 (5), 925–933. Kim, H.-S., & Lee, N. (2010). Specialization Analysis of Global and Korean Tourism Industry: On a Basis of Revealed Comparative Advantage. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 10 (1), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2010.11434620Lanza, A., & Pigliaru, F. (2000). Tourism and economic growth does country’s size matter? Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Economiche E Commerciali, 47 (1), 77–86.Lean, H. H., & Tang, C. F. (2010). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Stable for Malaysia? A Note. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (4), 375–378.Lesage, J., & Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. CRC Press.Li, S., Xiao, M., Zhang, K., Wu, J., & Wang, Z. (2011). Measuring Tourism Spillover Effects Among Cities: Improvement of the Gap Model and a Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7 (2), 184–206. http://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2011.576935Louca, C. (2006). Income and expenditure in the tourism industry: Time series evidence from Cyprus. Tourism Economics, 12 (4), 603–617. http://doi.org/10.5367/000000006779319963Ma, T., Hong, T., & Zhang, H. (2015). Tourism spatial spillover effects and urban economic growth. Journal of Business Research, 68 (1), 74–80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.05.005Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (2), 407–437.Nizar, M. A. (2011). Tourism Effect On Economic Growth In Indonesia. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 6 (2), 195–211. (In Indones.)Nowak, J. J., Sahli, M., & Cortes-Jimenez, I. (2007). Tourism, capital good imports and economic growth: Theory and evidence for Spain. Tourism Economics, 13 (4), 515–536. http://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696113Nunkoo, R., Seetanah, B., Jaffur, Z. R. K., Moraghen, P. G. W., & Sannassee, R. V. (2020). Tourism and Economic Growth: A Meta-regression Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 59 (3), 404–423. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519844833Payne, J. E., & Mervar, A. (2010). Research note: The tourism-growth nexus in Croatia. Tourism Economics, 16 (4), 1089–1094. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0014Proenca, S., & Soukiazis, E. (2008). Tourism as an economic growth factor: a case study for Southern European countries. Tourism Economics, 14 (4), 791–806. Ridderstaat, J., Croes, R., & Nijkamp, P. (2013). Modelling Tourism Development and Long-run Economic Growth in Aruba. TI 2013-145/VIII Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. Romão, J., Guerreiro, J., & Rodrigues, P. M. M. (2017). Territory and Sustainable Tourism Development: a Space-Time Analysis on European Regions. Region, 4 (3), 1. http://doi.org/10.18335/region.v4i3.142Seetanah, B., Juwaheer, T., Lamport, M., Rojid, S., Sannassee, R., & Subadar Agathee, U. (2011). Does infrastructure matter in tourism development? University of Mauritius Research Journal, 17 (1), 89–108. http://doi.org/10.4314/umrj.v17i1.70731Sinclair, M. T. (1998). Tourism and economic development: A survey. The Journal of Development Studies, 34 (5), 1–51. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422535Sinclair, M. T., & Stabler, M. (1997). The Economics of Tourism. Routledge.Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1), 65–94. Retrieved from http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/1/65.shortSugiyarto, G., Blake, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2003). Tourism and Globalisation: Economic Impact of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 683–701.Tang, C. F. (2011). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Malaysia? A View from Disaggregated Tourism Markets. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 97–101. Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2018). Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A New Global Evidence. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 59 (3), 304–311. http://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517735743Vayá, E., López-Bazo, E., Moreno, R., & Suriñach J. (2004). Growth and Externalities Across Economies. An Empirical Analysis using Spatial Econometrics. In: L. Anselin, R. J. G. M. Florax, S. Rey (Eds.), Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications (pp. 433-455). Springer, Berlin.Yang, Y., & Fik, T. (2014a). Spatial effects in regional tourism growth. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 144–162. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.007Yang, Y., & Wong, K. K. F. (2012). A Spatial Econometric Approach to Model Spillover Effects in Tourism Flows. Journal of Travel Research, 51 (6), 768–778. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512437855Zortuk, M. (2009). Economic impact of tourism on turkey’s economy: Evidence from cointegration tests. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 1 (25), 231–239.Antonakakis, N., Dragouni, M., & Filis, G. (2015). How strong is the linkage between tourism and economic growth in Europe? Economic Modelling, 44, 142–155. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.018Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Tourism and Growth in the Caribbean — Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model. Tourism Economics, 18 (2), 449–456. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2012.0119Arslanturk, Y., Balcilar, M., & Ozdemir, Z. A. (2011). Time-varying linkages between tourism receipts and economic growth in a small open economy. Economic Modelling, 28 (1-2), 664–671. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.06.003Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jordá, M. (2002). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: the Spanish case. Applied Economics, 34 (7), 877–884. http://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110058923Belloumi, M. (2010). The relationship between tourism receipts, real effective exchange rate and economic growth in Tunisia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (5), 550–560. http://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.774Belotti, F., Hughes, G., & Mortari, A. P. (2017). Spatial panel-data models using Stata. The Stata Journal, 17 (1), 139–180.Brida, J. G., Lanzilotta, B., & Pizzolon, F. (2016). Dynamic relationship between tourism and economic growth in MERCOSUR countries: a nonlinear approach based on asymmetric time series models. Economics Bulletin, 36 (2), 879–894.Brida, J. G., Punzo, L. F., & Risso, W. A. (2011). Research note: Tourism as a factor of growth — The case of Brazil. Tourism Economics, 17 (6), 1375–1386. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2011.0094Capone, F., & Boix, R. (2008). Sources of growth and competitiveness of local tourist production systems: An application to Italy (1991-2001). Annals of Regional Science, 42 (1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-007-0133-7Chou, M. C. (2013). Does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 33, 226–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.04.024Clancy, M. J. (1999). Tourism and development evidence from Mexico. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1), 1–20. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00046-2Coughlin, C. C., Garret, T. A., & Hernandez-Murillo, R. (2006). Spatial Dependence in Models of State Fiscal Policy Convergence. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. Croes, R., & Vanegas, M. (2008). Cointegration and Causality between Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Journal of Travel Research, 47 (1), 94–103. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507312429Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: an empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10 (3), 305–316. http://doi.org/10.5367/0000000041895094Durbarry, R. (2004). Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius. Tourism Economics, 10 (4), 389–401. http://doi.org/10.5367/0000000042430962Fingleton, B., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2006). Empirical Growth Models with Spatial Effects. Papers in Regional Science, 85 (2), 177–198.Gil-Pareja, S., Llorca-Vivero, R., & Martı´nez-Serrano, J. A. (2007). The impact of embassies and consulates on tourism. Tourism Management, 28 (2), 355–360. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.016Gooroochurn, N., & Hanley, A. (2005). Spillover effects in long-haul visitors between two regions. Regional Studies, 39 (6), 727–738. http://doi.org/10.1080/00343400500213606Jovanović, S., & Ilic, I. (2016). Infrastructure as important determinant of tourism development in the countries of Southeast Europe. Ecoforum, 5 (1), 1–34.Katircioglu, S. (2009). Tourism, trade and growth: the case of Cyprus. Applied Economics, 41 (21), 2741–2750. http://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701335512Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2008). The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, 29 (5), 831–840. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.09.005Kim, H. J., Chen, M. H., & Jang, S. S. (2006). Tourism expansion and economic development: The case of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27 (5), 925–933. Kim, H.-S., & Lee, N. (2010). Specialization Analysis of Global and Korean Tourism Industry: On a Basis of Revealed Comparative Advantage. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 10 (1), 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2010.11434620Lanza, A., & Pigliaru, F. (2000). Tourism and economic growth does country’s size matter? Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Economiche E Commerciali, 47 (1), 77–86.Lean, H. H., & Tang, C. F. (2010). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Stable for Malaysia? A Note. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (4), 375–378.Lesage, J., & Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. CRC Press.Li, S., Xiao, M., Zhang, K., Wu, J., & Wang, Z. (2011). Measuring Tourism Spillover Effects Among Cities: Improvement of the Gap Model and a Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7 (2), 184–206. http://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2011.576935Louca, C. (2006). Income and expenditure in the tourism industry: Time series evidence from Cyprus. Tourism Economics, 12 (4), 603–617. http://doi.org/10.5367/000000006779319963Ma, T., Hong, T., & Zhang, H. (2015). Tourism spatial spillover effects and urban economic growth. Journal of Business Research, 68 (1), 74–80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.05.005Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (2), 407–437.Nizar, M. A. (2011). Tourism Effect On Economic Growth In Indonesia. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 6 (2), 195–211. (In Indones.)Nowak, J. J., Sahli, M., & Cortes-Jimenez, I. (2007). Tourism, capital good imports and economic growth: Theory and evidence for Spain. Tourism Economics, 13 (4), 515–536. http://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696113Nunkoo, R., Seetanah, B., Jaffur, Z. R. K., Moraghen, P. G. W., & Sannassee, R. V. (2020). Tourism and Economic Growth: A Meta-regression Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 59 (3), 404–423. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519844833Payne, J. E., & Mervar, A. (2010). Research note: The tourism-growth nexus in Croatia. Tourism Economics, 16 (4), 1089–1094. http://doi.org/10.5367/te.2010.0014Proenca, S., & Soukiazis, E. (2008). Tourism as an economic growth factor: a case study for Southern European countries. Tourism Economics, 14 (4), 791–806. Ridderstaat, J., Croes, R., & Nijkamp, P. (2013). Modelling Tourism Development and Long-run Economic Growth in Aruba. TI 2013-145/VIII Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper. Romão, J., Guerreiro, J., & Rodrigues, P. M. M. (2017). Territory and Sustainable Tourism Development: a Space-Time Analysis on European Regions. Region, 4 (3), 1. http://doi.org/10.18335/region.v4i3.142Seetanah, B., Juwaheer, T., Lamport, M., Rojid, S., Sannassee, R., & Subadar Agathee, U. (2011). Does infrastructure matter in tourism development? University of Mauritius Research Journal, 17 (1), 89–108. http://doi.org/10.4314/umrj.v17i1.70731Sinclair, M. T. (1998). Tourism and economic development: A survey. The Journal of Development Studies, 34 (5), 1–51. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422535Sinclair, M. T., & Stabler, M. (1997). The Economics of Tourism. Routledge.Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1), 65–94. Retrieved from http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/1/65.shortSugiyarto, G., Blake, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2003). Tourism and Globalisation: Economic Impact of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 683–701.Tang, C. F. (2011). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Malaysia? A View from Disaggregated Tourism Markets. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 97–101. Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2018). Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A New Global Evidence. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 59 (3), 304–311. http://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517735743Vayá, E., López-Bazo, E., Moreno, R., & Suriñach J. (2004). Growth and Externalities Across Economies. An Empirical Analysis using Spatial Econometrics. In: L. Anselin, R. J. G. M. Florax, S. Rey (Eds.), Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and Applications (pp. 433-455). Springer, Berlin.Yang, Y., & Fik, T. (2014a). Spatial effects in regional tourism growth. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 144–162. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.007Yang, Y., & Wong, K. K. F. (2012). A Spatial Econometric Approach to Model Spillover Effects in Tourism Flows. Journal of Travel Research, 51 (6), 768–778. http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512437855Zortuk, M. (2009). Economic impact of tourism on turkey’s economy: Evidence from cointegration tests. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 1 (25), 231–239.