<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-4-7</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Implementation of the Far Eastern Hectare Program: Effect of Incentives to Its Agents</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Как работает программа «Дальневосточный гектар»: влияние стимулов исполнителей</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-0020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Feoktistova </surname><given-names>Kseniia I. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Феоктистова </surname><given-names>Ксения Игоревна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>feoktistova.ki@dvfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-1169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravskaia </surname><given-names>Tatiana N. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавская </surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>zhuravskaia.tn@dvfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Far Eastern Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дальневосточный федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Economic Research Institute of Far Eastern Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экономических исследований Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-19" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1033</fpage><lpage>1047</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-03-29"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-19"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2023 Kseniia I. Feoktistova, Tatiana N. Zhuravskaia</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2023 Ксения Игоревна Феоктистова, Татьяна Николаевна Журавская</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kseniia I. Feoktistova, Tatiana N. Zhuravskaia</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ксения Игоревна Феоктистова, Татьяна Николаевна Журавская</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/114">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/114</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/114/250">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/114/250</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines large-scale privatisation of land resources in the Russian Far East under the Far Eastern hectare program. This program transforms the institution of property in the region by transferring land to private ownership. The study explores mechanisms for implementing the program, as well as its effects. New institutional economics is applied to explain the differences in the program implementation rates across regions and municipalities and assess the correlation between reform results and incentives and performance of its agents (mostly municipal authorities). We analysed 155 observations of hectares, a survey of 200 participants of the Far Eastern hectare program, more than 20 interviews with developers, agents and program participants, comparative cases of receiving and not receiving land, participation and non-participation in the program, as well as quantitative statistics on 157,016 granted and non-granted applications for land plots submitted before May 31, 2020. The research revealed an uneven distribution of total applications for land, as well as that of rejections, ranging from 18 % to 56 % per region, with even greater disparity across municipalities. Correlation analysis identified key indicators affecting the share of rejection, including economic indicators of municipalities, as well as indicators of local revenue structure. Regression analysis showed that it is more difficult to get a hectare in economically developed regions, and that the share of granted hectares depends on current or potential benefits of their use for municipalities. It was concluded that economic incentives of municipalities contradict the goals of the Far Eastern hectare program, greatly hindering its successful implementation.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлены результаты исследования приватизации земель на российском Дальнем Востоке в рамках программы «Дальневосточный гектар». Программа трансформирует институт собственности в регионе, перераспределяя землю в частное владение населения. Исследование касается механизмов реализации программы и ее эффектов. Авторы используют положения новой институциональной экономической теории, чтобы объяснить обнаруженные различия в показателях реализации программы по регионам и муниципальным образованиям, а также ответить на вопрос, каким образом результаты проекта зависят от стимулов и качества работы непосредственных исполнителей на местах в лице представителей муниципальных властей. Эмпирической базой исследования являются 155 фактических наблюдений «гектаров», опрос 200 участников программы, более 20 интервью с разработчиками, исполнителями и участниками программы, сравнительные кейсы получения и неполучения земли, участия и неучастия в программе, а также количественные статистические данные о 157 016 заявок на выданные и невыданные земельные участки по программе, поданных до 31 мая 2020 г. Анализ эмпирических данных выявил неравномерность не только в общем числе заявок на получение земельных участков, но и в доле отказов, варьирующейся от 18 % до 56 % по регионам, и с еще большим разрывом по муниципальным образованиям. С помощью корреляционного анализа выявлены ключевые показатели, связанные с вариацией доли отказов. Среди них экономические показатели муниципальных образований и те, которые характеризуют структуру доходов местного бюджета. Регрессионный анализ позволил принять гипотезы о том, что, во-первых, «гектар» сложнее получить в более экономически развитых территориях, во-вторых, доля выданных «гектаров» зависит от текущих или потенциальных выгод от их использования муниципальным образованием. Авторы делают вывод, что формируемые экономические стимулы муниципалитетов противоречат целям программы, что является существенным препятствием на пути к ее успешной реализации.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>theory of property rights, land ownership, theory of privatisation, institutional changes, regional economy, municipality, agents of reforms, incentives, Far Eastern hectare, Russian Far East</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория прав собственности, права собственности на землю, теория приватизации, институциональные изменения, экономика региона, муниципалитет, исполнители реформ, стимулы, дальневосточный гектар, российский Дальний Восток</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The article has been prepared with the support of the Center for Post-Institutional Studies (PIS-center) as part of the implementation of the donation agreement dated 19.05.2022 No. D-156-22 of the FEFU Endowment Fund for financing winning projects of the open competition for the support of research and applied projects for the period from 07.02.2022 to 31.12.2024 of the FEFU School of Economics and Management from the income from endowment fiduciary management “Strategic projects of FEFU” (Purpose donation from PJSC Sberbank).</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья подготовлена при поддержке проекта «Центр исследований постинститутов (ЦИПИ)» в рамках реализации договора пожертвования денежных средств от 19.05.2022 №Д-156-22 Фонда целевого капитала ДВФУ на финансирование проектов-победителей открытого конкурса поддержки исследовательских и прикладных проектов на период с 07.02.2022 по 31.12.2024 Школы экономики и менеджмента ДВФУ из дохода от доверительного управления целевым капиталом «Стратегические проекты ДВФУ» (Целевое назначение пожертвование СБЕР (ПАО).</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. The American Economic Review, 91 (5), 1369–1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (4), 1231–1294. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson, H. L. (2011). That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862. The History Teacher, 45 (1), 117–137. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry, S. (1993). No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 288. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry, S. (1997). Tomatoes, Land and Hearsay: Property and History in Asante in the Time of Structural Adjustment. World Development, 25 (8), 1225-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00039-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bliakher, L., E., &amp; Bliakher, M. L. (2018). Zomia on the Amur, or State Order Against the Order Outside of State. Politiya [Politeia], 1 (88), 148-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2018-88-1-148-171 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Long, J. B., &amp; Shleifer, A. (1993). Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. The Journal of Law &amp; Economics, 36 (2), 671–702. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. New York, New York: Harper &amp; Row Publishers, 271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demsetz, H. (1974). Toward a Theory of Property Rights. In: Classic Papers in Natural Resource Economics (pp. 163-177). Palgrave Macmillan UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demyanenko, A. (2003). Territorialnaya organizatsiya khozyaystva na Dalnem Vostoke Rossii [Territorial set-up of the economy in the Russian Far East]. Vladivostok, Russia: Dalnauka, 284. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dye, A., &amp; La Croix, S. (2013). The Political Economy of Land Privatization in Argentina and Australia, 1810–1850: A Puzzle. The Journal of Economic History, 73 (4), 901–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000831</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feoktistova, K. I. (2021). Privatization of «Far Eastern Hectares»: Why (Not) Develop? Regionalistika [Regionalistics], 8 (3), 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.3.32 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libecap, G. (1986). Property rights in economic history: Implications for research. Explorations in Economic History, 23 (3), 227-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(86)90004-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipsey, R., &amp; Lancaster, K. (1956). The General Theory of Second Best. The Review of Economic Studies, 24 (1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mensрchikov, A. (1911). Materialy po obsledovaniyu krestyanskikh khozyaystv Primorskoy oblasti. T. II. Starozhily-stodesyatniki: Tablitsy[Materials on the survey of peasant farms in the Primorsky Region. T. I Old-timers-centennials: Tables]. Saratov: Tip. Gub. Pravleniya. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murtazashvili, I. (2013). The Political Economy of the American Frontier (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139094092 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North, D. (1989). Institutions and economic growth: An historical introduction. World Development, 17 (9), 1319-1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90075-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North, D. (1994). Economic Performance Through Time. The American Economic Review, 84 (3), 359–368.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North, D. C., &amp; Thomas, R. P. (1973). The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819438 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., &amp; Weingast, B. R. (2013). Violence and Social Orders. A conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History [Nasilie i sotsialnye poryadki. Kontseptualnye ramki dlya interpretatsii pismennoy istorii chelovechestva]. Trans. from English. Moscow, Russia: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 480. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsson, O., &amp; Hansson, G. (2011). Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu. European Economic Review, 55 (5), 613-629.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press, 321.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubinskiy, V. (1911). Opyty ucheta kolonizatsionnoy emkosti Primorskoy oblasti [Experiments of accounting of colonization capacity of the Primorsky region]. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of V. F. Kirschbaum. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhova, N. (2014). Land and power: differences in approaches to property research (the case of informal land use of Chinese farmers). Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsialnoy antropologii [The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology], 17 (5), 7–35. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhova, N. P., &amp; Zhuravskaya, T. N. (2020). The idea of private property and “real” captures of land. Oykumena. Regionovedcheskie issledovaniya [Ojkumena. Regional researches], 1, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2020-1/31-40 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhova, N. P., Guzej, Ya. S., &amp; Karbainov, N. I. (2019). Property right over land: seizures, “recourse abundance” and features of enforcement in the Russian Far East. Oikumena. Regionovedcheskie issledovaniya [Ojkumena. Regional researches], 1, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2019-1/114-122 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stark, D. (1996). Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 101 (4), 993–1027. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verdery, K. (1996). What was Socialism, and What Comes Next? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verdery, K. (2003). The vanishing hectare: Property and value in postsocialist Transylvania. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verdery, K., &amp; Humphrey, C. (Eds.) (2004). Property in question: Value transformation in the global economy. Oxford: Berg, 320.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravskaia, T. N., &amp; Feoktistova, K. I. (2019). The Program ‘Far Eastern Hectar’: Institutional Approach. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika [Spatial Economics], 15 (2), 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2019.2.092-109 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бляхер, Л. Е., Бляхер, М. Л. (2018). Зомия на Амуре, или государственный порядок против порядка вне государства. Полития, 1 (88), 148-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2018-88-1-148-171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демьяненко, А. Н. (2003). Территориальная организация хозяйства на Дальнем Востоке России. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 284. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавская, Т. Н., Феоктистова, К. И. (2019). Программа «Дальневосточный гектар»: институциональный подход. Пространственная экономика, 15 (2), 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2019.2.092-109 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меньщиков, А. А. (1911). Материалы по обследованию крестьянских хозяйств Приморской области. Т. II. Старожилы-стодесятники: Таблицы. Саратов: Тип. Губ. Правления.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Норт, Д., Уоллис, Д., Вайнгаст, Б. (2011). Насилие и социальные порядки. Концептуальные рамки для интерпретации письменной истории человечества. Пер. с англ. Д. Узланера, М. Маркова, Д. Раскова, А. Расковой. Москва: Изд. Института Гайдара, 480. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжова, Н. П. (2014). Земля и власть: различия в подходах к исследованию собственности (случай неформального землепользования китайских фермеров). Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 17 (5), 7–35.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжова, Н. П., Гузей, Я. С., Карбаинов, Н. И. (2019). Институт собственности на землю: захваты, «ресурсное изобилие» и особенности инфорсмента на российском Дальнем Востоке. Ойкумена. Регионоведческие исследования, 1, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2019-1/114-122 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжова, Н. П., Журавская, Т. Н. (2020). Идея о частной собственности и «реальные» захваты земли. Ойкумена. Регионоведческие исследования, 1, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2020-1/31-40 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рубинский, В. (1911). Опыты учета колонизационной емкости Приморской области. Санкт-Петербург: тип. В. Ф. Киршбаума. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Феоктистова, К. И. (2021). Приватизация «Дальневосточных гектаров»: почему (не) осваивать? Регионалистика, 8 (3), 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.3.32 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. The American Economic Review, 91 (5), 1369–1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (4), 1231–1294. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson, H. L. (2011). That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862. The History Teacher, 45 (1), 117–137. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry, S. (1993). No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 288. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry, S. (1997). Tomatoes, Land and Hearsay: Property and History in Asante in the Time of Structural Adjustment. World Development, 25 (8), 1225-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00039-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Long, J. B., &amp; Shleifer, A. (1993). Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. The Journal of Law &amp; Economics, 36 (2), 671–702. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. New York, New York: Harper &amp; Row Publishers, 271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demsetz, H. (1974). Toward a Theory of Property Rights. In: Classic Papers in Natural Resource Economics (pp. 163-177). Palgrave Macmillan UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dye, A., &amp; La Croix, S. (2013). The Political Economy of Land Privatization in Argentina and Australia, 1810–1850: A Puzzle. The Journal of Economic History, 73 (4), 901–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050713000831</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libecap, G. (1986). Property rights in economic history: Implications for research. Explorations in Economic History, 23 (3), 227-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(86)90004-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipsey, R., &amp; Lancaster, K. (1956). The General Theory of Second Best. The Review of Economic Studies, 24 (1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murtazashvili, I. (2013). The Political Economy of the American Frontier (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139094092 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North, D. (1989). Institutions and economic growth: An historical introduction. World Development, 17 (9), 1319-1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90075-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North, D. (1994). Economic Performance Through Time. The American Economic Review, 84 (3), 359–368.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North, D. C., &amp; Thomas, R. P. (1973). The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819438 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsson, O., &amp; Hansson, G. (2011). Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu. European Economic Review, 55 (5), 613-629.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press, 321.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stark, D. (1996). Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism. American Journal of Sociology, 101 (4), 993–1027. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verdery, K. (1996). What was Socialism, and What Comes Next? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verdery, K. (2003). The vanishing hectare: Property and value in postsocialist Transylvania. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verdery, K., &amp; Humphrey, C. (Eds.) (2004). Property in question: Value transformation in the global economy. Oxford: Berg, 320.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>