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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2411-1406</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2025-3-20</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Carbon Emissions: Impact on Economic Structure, Energy Policy and Climate — Case Studies of China and Russia</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Выбросы углерода: влияние на структуру экономики, энергетическую политику и климат — на примере Китая и России</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-2053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gao </surname><given-names>Rong </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гао </surname><given-names>Жун </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>1074075690@qq.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3352-2863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semyachkov </surname><given-names>Aleksandr I. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семячков</surname><given-names>Александр Иванович </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>a.semyachkov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-9311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sang </surname><given-names>Yangfang </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сан </surname><given-names>Янфан </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>sangyf@igsnrr.ac.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Xi'an FanYi University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сианьский университет Фаньи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экономики УрО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт географических наук и природных ресурсов Китайской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>859</fpage><lpage>874</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-20"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2025  </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru"> </copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1133">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1133</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1133/468">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1133/468</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the face of escalating climate challenges, CO₂ reduction has become a central objective of sustainable development, particularly for countries such as China and Russia, which follow distinct economic and energy paths. This paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the impact of economic structural transformation, energy policy evolution, and global climate governance mechanisms on CO₂ emission dynamics. The study tests three hypotheses: (H1) structural adjustment reduces emissions; (H2) energy policy produces divergent effects; and (H3) global mechanisms affect countries differently. The empirical analysis draws on panel data from 2000–2023, covering GDP per capita (GDPpc), the shares of fossil energy (FE) and renewable energy (RE), economic structure (IS), and a dummy variable for the presence of an emissions trading system (CT). Fixed-effects estimations reveal that in China, GDPpc has a strong positive effect on emissions (â = 0.415–0.591, p &lt; 0.01), while structural reforms and the carbon market significantly reduce them. In Russia, the GDPpc effect is weak (â = 0.01–0.049), structural variables are statistically insignificant, and a national carbon market is absent. China is pursuing a more proactive energy transition strategy, characterized by a rising share of renewables and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. The study showcases the need for stronger economic incentives and greater international cooperation in carbon regulation.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В условиях нарастающих климатических вызовов снижение выбросов CO₂ стало ключевой задачей устойчивого развития, особенно для таких стран, как Китай и Россия, демонстрирующих разные экономические и энергетические траектории. Цель статьи — провести сравнительный анализ влияния трансформации структуры экономики, изменений в энергетической политике и механизмов глобального управления климатом на динамику выбросов CO₂. В качестве гипотез рассматривается, что (H1) структурная перестройка экономики влияет на снижение выбросов, (H2) энергетическая политика оказывает разнонаправленное влияние, (H3) внедрение глобальных механизмов управления климатом по-разному воздействуют на страны. Эмпирическая база включает панельные данные за 2000–2023 гг. по ВВП на душу населения (GDPpc), доле ископаемых (FE) и возобновляемых источников энергии (RE), структуре экономики (IS), а также фиктивной переменной наличия системы торговли квотами (CT). Модель с фиксированными эффектами показывает, что в Китае GDPpc положительно влияет на выбросы (â = 0.415–0.591, p &lt; 0.01), тогда как структурные реформы и развитие углеродного рынка существенно снижают их. В России влияние GDPpc слабо (â = 0.01–0.049), структурные факторы статистически незначимы, а рынок углерода отсутствует. Китай демонстрирует более активную стратегию энергетического перехода, включая рост доли возобновляемых источников энергии и сокращение зависимости от ископаемых ресурсов. На основе результатов исследования предлагается усиливать экономические стимулы и международное сотрудничество в области регулирования выбросов углерода.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pathways for reducing carbon emissions</kwd><kwd>economic structure transformation</kwd><kwd>energy policy</kwd><kwd>global governance of climate change</kwd><kwd>comparative analysis of China and Russia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пути снижения выбросов углерода</kwd><kwd>трансформация структуры экономики</kwd><kwd>энергетическая политика</kwd><kwd>глобальное управление климатом</kwd><kwd>сравнительный анализ Китая и России</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Development Program of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of RAS for 2014–2026). The Chinese contribution came from the Research Project for Initial Financing of Doctoral Research at Xi’an Fanyi Institute in 2022 (Project No. 2022B02) and the key think tank project “Struggle for a New Round of China’s Modernization and Innovative Development of Shaanxi in 2023”, specifically the research project “Development Path of Clean Energy in Shaanxi” (Project No. 2023ZD1077).</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья подготовлена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (Программа развития Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Института экономики Уральского отделения Российской академии наук на 2024–2026 годы); исследование с китайской стороны финансируется Исследовательским проектом по начальному финансированию докторских исследований в Сианьском институте Фаньи в 2022 г. (проект № 2022B02); исследовательским проектом ключевого аналитического центра «Борьба за новый виток китайской модернизации и в инновационном развитии Шэньси» в 2023 г. — научно-исследовательским проектом «Путь развития чистой энергии в Шэньси», (проект № 2023ZD1077).</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Брижанин, В. В., Филиппова, Р. В., Киселева, С. П., Остах, С. В. (2023). Перспективы углеродного регулирования в России и повышение ответственности и вовлеченности предприятий в деятельность по сокращению выбросов парниковых газов. Вестник Российского экономического университета имени Г. В. Плеханова, 20 (2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.21686/2413–2829-2023-2-130-142 </mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brizhanin, V.V., Filippova, R.V., Kiseleva, S.P., &amp; Ostakh, S.V. (2023). 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